’WPC[ J£]ÉŪ}}d/’&£®Ü7 ; mŸŸ1­×K’kß=PŪŲ,śĻ Ģū`gXÓ/™bąIrCøōOĮ“3 ņQy/aö`ī^ĒdŲīæŲ’.UErM9}·hÆ1Å°Œéę.ņ“ ńßØQˆ²ĒŽ¦Į4ÉCf‰8ž$xa10œ®FšYÖ‘ū”,p oéÕ«„„¾‰*·± y 9<åź? T­MOߊā£uJDö­$žŲGżŗzų\ ĒyƛbG/¢Ćœ“:ė;“‹6ĢŽ¶IJU±ˆ%Ž¼\ ĻG!°”ֆĢpź ‰ÖŠšv¦ š)JM]DrĶÄŽėŲ…ĶXēÓ¾u Ē˜š ŲQ“¶J©#’“™3{@/'–t„hŸ¾®Ļ)šY`R;”?`’Ā÷"L­Ó6ZœšÄ‚ļ)IĮg*Ś7QW™iM¼Ū­>Pyü˜*‰č±Ņ&æHöģ: śłMēĻņt0Ž“W~@ŽFŻ…Mßņ5‰!Ņ×¼×ÜŌ92r÷Ł\˜¦čŠōQR>xbˆrŲŽƒ#߅ u2|ņ™ÆsŅØȈ’Ėó¶A­{ɂ‹y3•©\~Må«»§šPyL4cøf2:üd`Z§!fčŅģ #Į¶UNw %Å 0:Ė^ w4)8 m:NQS˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,ŌJ¬n, —{m,xÅ¢ œ¢3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌÓ  Óą@@ģģ*ģąŌ€¼H»XXŌņ ņą0 @ ąTONGAó óŠ ° ŠÓ=ÓĢŌ€X2öX»¼HŌņ ņÓ  ÓŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€28ņņTHóó€NO.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó ó€Š Ń! ŠĢ286.€€The€initial€report€of€Tonga,€submitted€on€15€November€1972,€was€considered€by€theŠ ¦ö ŠCommittee€at€its€eighth€session€(156ņņthóó€meeting).Š  ß ŠĢ287.€€The€Government€of€Tonga€had€not€replied€to€the€cable€sent€to€it€by€the€Secretary„General€onŠ a ± Š6€August€1973€„€following€the€Committeeššs€decision€on€the€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€adopted€for€considerationŠ J š Šof€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€„€and€the€Committee€had€no€information€on€whether€theŠ 3 ƒ  ŠGovernment€of€Tonga€intended€to€send€a€representative€to€attend€the€meeting.€€As€Tonga€was€notŠ l  Ša€member€of€the€United€Nations€and€had€no€permanent€mission€in€New€York,€and€as€it€had€not€beenŠ U  Špossible€to€contact€a€representative€of€that€State€in€Washington,€the€efforts€of€the€Secretariat€toŠ ī>  Šobtain€the€required€information€had€yielded€no€results.€€Some€members€proposed€that€the€CommitteeŠ ×'  Šshould€proceed€with€the€consideration€of€the€report€in€the€absence€of€a€representative€of€the€reportingŠ Ą  ŠState,€particularly€since€members€had€agreed€at€the€fifth€session€when€rule€64€A€of€the€provisionalŠ ©ł  Šrules€of€procedure€was€adopted,€that€the€absence€of€a€representative€of€a€reporting€State€would€notŠ ’ā Šhinder€the€Committeeššs€discussion€of€that€Stateššs€report.€€ņņ18óó/€€On€the€other€hand,€one€memberŠ {Ė Šproposed€that€the€Committee€should€postpone€its€consideration€of€the€report€of€Tonga€until€the€ninthŠ d“ Šsession;€and€this€proposal€was€withdrawn€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€another€memberššs€proposal€that€a€secondŠ M Šcommunication€should€be€sent€to€the€Government€of€Tonga€„€stating€that€the€Committee€wasŠ 6† Šuncertain€whether€the€Secretary„Generalššs€earlier€cable€had€been€received€in€time,€and€requestingŠ o Šthe€Government€of€Tonga€to€compare€its€report€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee€atŠ X Šits€first€session.€€ņņ19óó/€€This€proposal€was€rejected€by€a€vote€of€5€against€and€4€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō,€with€4Š ńA Šabstentions;€and€the€proposal€to€proceed€with€the€consideration€of€the€report€at€the€current€sessionŠ Ś* Šwas€adopted€by€9€votes€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€and€1€against,€with€3€abstentions.Š Ć ŠĢ288.€€It€was€observed€that€the€brief€report€under€consideration€contained€two€statements.€€The€firstŠ •å Šstatement€„€asserting€that€there€were€no€legislative,€judicial,€administrative€or€other€measures€in€forceŠ ~Ī Šin€Tonga€which€were€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€„€appeared€to€satisfy€theŠ g· Šrequirements€of€article€2,€paragraph€1€(c),€of€the€Convention.€€The€second€statement€„€asserting€thatŠ P   Šthe€Government€of€Tonga€had€not€found€it€necessary€to€introduce€any€special€legislative,€judicial,Š 9!‰ Šadministrative€or€other€measures€to€combat€racial€discrimination€within€the€country€„€would€haveŠ ""r  Šbeen€satisfactory€had€it€been€supplemented€by€a€description€of€the€existing€legislation€showing€thatŠ  #[! Šthe€requirements€of€some€articles€in€the€Convention€which€called€for€specific€penal€legislation€(suchŠ ō#D" Šas€article€4€for€example)€had€been€satisfied.€€The€absence€of€such€information€rendered€the€reportŠ Ż$- # Šincomplete€albeit€not€unsatisfactory.Š Ę%!$ ŠĢĢ___________Š (Ń#' ŠÓ-°‚XrŹ` ˜X°œX-Óą r ąņņ18óó/€ą Ź ąņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Twenty„seventh€Session,€Supplement€No.Š j)ŗ$( Š18óó€(A/8718),€para.€23.Š S*£%) ŠĢą r ąņņ19óó/€ą0 Ź ąņņIbid.óó€€ņņTwenty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€No.€27óó€(A/8027),€annex€III€A.Š%,u'+Ź(#Ź(# ŠĢŠ ÷-G)- ŠŌ_Ō289.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€incomplete,€to€request€the€reporting€State€toŠ ° Šfurnish€it€with€additional€information€in€conformity€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€CommitteeŠ ™é Šand€with€its€General€Recommendations,€and€to€entrust€to€the€Rapporteur€the€drafting€of€the€specialŠ ‚Ņ Šcommunication€conveying€that€request€to€the€Government€of€Tonga.Š  k» Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/31/18€€+€Corr.1€(1976)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ81.€€The€second€periodic€report€of€Tonga,€which€incorporated,€in€accordance€with€the€suggestionŠ ƒÓ Šmade€by€the€Committee€at€its€twelfth€session,€the€additional€report€requested€at€the€CommitteeššsŠ l¼ Šninth€session,€was€considered€without€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€the€Government€of€theŠ U„ Šreporting€State.€€The€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€that€the€report€was€organized€in€accordanceŠ > Ž Šwith€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee€at€its€first€session.€€It€took€note€of€the€statementsŠ ' w Šthat€the€laws€and€government€policies€of€the€reporting€State€were€being€reviewed€š što€see€whetherŠ  ` Šthere€are€any€areas€where€amendments€and€changes€are€necessary€to€comply€with€the€undertakingŠ ł I Šunder€articles€2€(1)€(c),€2€(1)€(d)€and€3€of€the€Convention€bearing€in€mind€that€racial€discriminationŠ ā 2  Šdoes€not€exit€in€Tongašš€and€š šthere€has€been€no€case€brought€in€the€courts€of€Tonga€on€the€groundsŠ Ė   Šof€racial€discriminationšš.€€It€was€noted€with€appreciation€that€the€information€envisaged€in€theŠ “  ŠCommitteeššs€general€recommendation€III€was€provided€with€respect€to€Southern€Rhodesia;€but€itŠ ķ  Šwas€regretted€that€no€information€was€given€with€respect€to€South€Africa.€€It€was€also€regretted€thatŠ †Ö  Šno€information€was€supplied€regarding€administrative€or€other€measures€giving€effect€to€theŠ oæ  Šprovisions€of€the€Convention€and€that€the€texts€of€constitutional€or€legislative€provisions€mentionedŠ XØ  Šin€the€report€were€not€furnished€in€all€cases.€€While€noting€that€the€report€contained€information€onŠ A‘ Šthe€population€groups,€classified€as€š šŌ_ŌTongansŌ_Ōšš,€š šEuropeansšš,€š šPart€Europeansšš€and€š šothersšš,€it€wasŠ *z Šobserved€that€the€figure€given€for€the€group€described€as€š šŌ_ŌTongansŌ_Ōšš€„€which€comprised€more€thanŠ c Š98€per€cent€of€the€population€„€was€not€broken€down€into€subgroups€on€the€basis€of€š šrace,€Ō_ŌcolourŌ_Ō,Š üL Šdescent€or€national€or€ethnic€originšš,€as€envisaged€in€general€recommendation€IV,€although€theŠ å5 Šreport€acknowledged€the€existence€of€different€š šracial€groupsšš€in€the€country.Š Ī ŠĢ82.€€Much€of€the€discussion€revolved€around€the€scope€and€effect€of€the€reservations€and€statementsŠ  š Šof€interpretation€made€by€Tonga€at€the€time€of€accession€to€the€Convention,€to€which€the€reportŠ ‰Ł Šreferred€on€several€occasions,€particularly€as€they€affected€the€implementation€of€articles€4€and€5€ofŠ rĀ Šthe€Convention.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€the€declarationŠ [« Šmade€by€Tonga€at€the€time€of€accession€was€worded€in€such€a€manner€as€to€warrant€the€conclusionŠ D” Šthat€it€was€a€statement€of€interpretation€and€not€a€reservation,€and€that€it€was€classified€by€theŠ -} ŠSecretary„General€as€a€statement€of€interpretation.€€It€was€emphasized€that€the€Committee€wasŠ f Šunanimously€of€the€opinion€that€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€were€mandatory€andŠ ’O Šthat,€contrary€to€the€views€of€the€Government€of€Tonga,€every€State€party€whose€legislation€did€notŠ č 8 Šalready€satisfy€the€requirements€of€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b)€of€that€article€was€under€obligation€toŠ Ń!!  Šenact€legislation€expressly€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€those€paragraphs.€€The€meaning€andŠ ŗ" ! Šscope€of€the€reservation€made€by€the€Government€of€Tonga€relating€to€article€5€of€the€ConventionŠ £#ó" Šneeded€to€be€clarified,€since€the€report€did€not€state€how€that€reservation€would€affect€the€exerciseŠ Œ$Ü# Šof€the€rights€to€which€it€referred.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ83.€€In€the€course€of€the€consideration€of€other€aspects€of€the€report€of€Tonga,€members€of€theŠ G'—"& ŠCommittee€raised€the€following€questions:€(a)€what€specific€provisions€of€the€Act€of€ConstitutionŠ 0(€#' Šof€Tonga€did€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State€have€in€mind€when€it€stated€that€such€provisionsŠ )i$( Šguaranteed€the€š šprotection€of€racial€groups€of€Tonga€in€social,€economic,€cultural€and€other€fieldsšš?€Š *R%) Š(b)€To€what€š šother€statutesšš€did€the€report€refer€when€it€asserted€that€š šcertain€other€statutesššŠ ė*;&* Šimplemented€the€undertaking€in€article€5€of€the€Convention?€€(c)€Inasmuch€as€the€report€stated€thatŠ Ō+$'+ Šthere€were€in€Tonga€certain€population€groups€other€than€š šŌ_ŌTongansŌ_Ōšš€and€š šEuropeansšš,€were€suchŠ ½, (, Šgroups€implicitly€subject€to€possible€discrimination€as€a€result€of€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€theŠ ¦-ö(- ŠAct€of€Constitution,€which€states€that€š šthere€shall€be€but€one€law€in€Tonga€.€.€.€€for€š šEuropeansšš€andŠ ° Šš šŌ_ŌTongansŌ_Ōšš?Š  ™é Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/33/18€(1978)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ273.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€statement,€in€the€third€periodic€report€of€Tonga,€that€š šTongaŠ ƒÓ Šregrets€that€it€is€not€possible€for€a€representative€to€attend€before€the€Committeešš.Š l¼ ŠĢ274.€€The€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€that€the€report€under€consideration€containedŠ > Ž Šcomments€on€the€views€expressed€during€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€TongaŠ ' w Šat€the€thirteenth€session€(A/31/18€and€Corr.1,€paras.€81„83)€as€well€as€information€on€the€presentŠ  ` Špopulation€of€the€country€and€on€the€relevant€amendments€to€the€Constitution€by€Act€3€of€1976.Š ł I ŠĢ275.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€following€statement€in€the€report:€€š šTongaššs€reservationsŠ Ė   Šrelating€to€article€5€(c)€so€far€as€it€relates€to€elections€and€the€reservations€made€to€articles€2,€3€andŠ “  Š5€(e)€(v)€so€far€as€they€relate€to€education€and€training€have€been€withdrawnšš.€€Members€of€theŠ ķ  ŠCommittee€welcomed€that€information.Š †Ö  ŠĢ276.€€The€statement€in€the€report€that€a€Committee€which€is€considering€law€reform€generally€inŠ XØ  ŠTonga€would€be€invited€to€give€consideration€to€a€proposal€to€amend€the€Criminal€Offences€Act€byŠ A‘ Šinserting€a€provision€š šnaming€racial€prejudice€as€a€criminal€offencešš€was€noted:€and€members€of€theŠ *z ŠCommittee€stated€that€they€would€welcome€information€on€that€subject.Š c ŠĢ277.€€It€was€noted€that€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€notŠ å5 Šsupplied€in€the€report;€and€it€was€suggested€that€general€recommendation€V€of€the€Committee€beŠ Ī Šbrought€once€again€to€the€notice€of€the€reporting€State.Š  · Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/37/18€(1982)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ76.€€The€fourth€and€fifth€periodic€reports€of€Tonga€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/75/Add.3)€were€considered€by€theŠ ƒÓ ŠCommittee,€without€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š l¼ ŠĢ77.€€Members€of€the€Committee€stated€that€the€Government€of€Tonga€had€shown€considerableŠ > Ž Šgoodwill€in€complying€with€some€of€the€Committeeššs€requests€made€in€connection€with€theŠ ' w Šconsideration€of€earlier€reports€of€Tonga,€withdrawing€some€of€its€original€reservations,€andŠ  ` Šdescribing€the€economic€and€social€situation€of€the€country.€€In€their€view,€the€report€had€to€beŠ ł I Šconsidered€in€the€light€of€the€islandššs€unique€geographical€situation€and€of€other€conditions€andŠ ā 2  Šcustoms€which€set€it€apart€from€other€parts€of€the€world.€€They€regretted,€however,€that€the€reportŠ Ė   Šhad€not€been€drafted€in€accordance€with€the€revised€guidelines€of€the€Committee€and€that€there€wasŠ “  Ša€lack€of€information€in€respect€to€questions€concerning€the€ethnic€composition€of€Tonga€and€howŠ ķ  Šthe€provisions€of€the€Convention€had€been€respected€in€relation€to€the€various€ethnic€groups,€as€wellŠ †Ö  Šas€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention.Š oæ  ŠĢ78.€€The€Committee€noted€that€no€specific€legislation€had€been€enacted€in€Tonga€for€theŠ A‘ Šimplementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€in€spite€of€the€suggestions€that€it€had€made€at€the€timeŠ *z Šof€its€consideration€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€that€country.€€Some€members€expressed€theŠ c Šopinion€that€articles€46€and€47€of€the€Criminal€Offences€Act€of€Tonga€should€be€expanded€to€satisfyŠ üL Šthe€requirements€of€article€of€the€Convention€and€that€the€Government€of€Tonga€should€reconsiderŠ å5 Šthe€declarations€it€had€made€with€€respect€to€the€interpretation€of€the€implementation€of€that€article.€Š Ī ŠThe€Committee€again€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€of€Tonga€would€enact€bindingŠ · Šlegislation€to€ensure€the€full€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š  š ŠĢ79.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€the€provision€in€article€2€ofŠ rĀ Šthe€Constitution€of€Tonga€that€any€slave€who€might€escape€from€a€foreign€country€would€be€freeŠ [« Šfrom€the€moment€he€set€foot€on€Tongan€soil,€and€some€doubts€were€expressed€about€the€limitation:Š D” Šš šunless€he€be€escaping€from€justice€being€guilty€of€homicide€or€larceny€or€any€great€crime€orŠ -} Šinvolved€in€debtšš.€€Doubts€were€also€expressed€about€the€requirement€that€a€visitor€could€not€marryŠ f Šwithout€the€consent€in€writing€of€the€Principal€Immigration€Officer€and€it€was€asked€what€conditionsŠ ’O Šhad€to€be€fulfilled€before€the€Principal€Immigration€Officer€gave€his€consent.€€Furthermore,€referenceŠ č 8 Šwas€made€to€the€Land€Act€and€some€explanation€was€requested€as€to€which€were€Crown€lands€andŠ Ń!!  Šwhich€were€hereditary€lands.€€Information€was€also€requested€on€the€role€of€the€Government€ofŠ ŗ" ! ŠTonga€in€ensuring€that€there€was€no€exploitation€of€migrant€workers€in€the€country€and€on€why€noŠ £#ó" Štrade€unions€had€been€formed€nor€any€application€made€for€registration€since€the€enactment€of€theŠ Œ$Ü# ŠTrade€Unions€Act€in€1964.€€It€was€finally€asked€whether€the€broad€freedom€given€to€the€houseŠ u%Å $ Šowners€with€respect€to€the€renting€of€property€might€not€give€rise€to€some€racial€discrimination.Š  ^&®!% Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ141.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Tonga€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/106/Add.5)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ ƒÓ Šwithout€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š l¼ ŠĢ142.€€The€Committee€regretted€that€no€representative€of€Tonga€was€present€during€the€considerationŠ > Ž Šof€its€report.€€However,€it€expressed€satisfaction€that€the€sixth€periodic€report€contained€replies€toŠ ' w Šthe€comments€made€by€members€during€the€consideration€of€the€previous€report,€that€theŠ  ` ŠGovernment€of€Tonga€was€continuing€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee€and€that€it€had€submitted€itsŠ ł I Šreport€on€time.€€The€Committee€drew€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€its€guidelinesŠ ā 2  Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1),€which€should€be€followed€in€preparing€its€next€periodic€reports.Š Ė   ŠĢ143.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€additional€information€was€requested€on€TongaššsŠ ķ  Šrelations,€if€any,€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€of€South€Africa.Š †Ö  ŠĢ144.€€The€Committee€reaffirmed€its€position€that,€even€if€racial€discrimination€did€not€exist€in€aŠ XØ  Šcountry,€the€Government€had€an€obligation€to€enact€specific€legislation€to€give€effect€to€theŠ A‘ Šprovisions€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€connection,€members€of€the€Committee€commended€theŠ *z ŠGovernmentššs€intention€to€introduce€a€Racial€Discrimination€Act€in€Parliament€which€would€makeŠ c Šit€an€offence€punishable€by€law€to€disseminate€any€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€and€expressedŠ üL Šthe€hope€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€contain€the€text€of€the€proposed€Act€as€well€as€detailedŠ å5 Šinformation€on€measures€taken€to€implement€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š  Ī Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/40/18€(1985)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ407.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Tonga€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/131/Add.1)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ ƒÓ Šat€its€728ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€6€August€1985€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.728),€without€the€participation€of€aŠ l¼ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State.Š U„ ŠĢ408.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€report,€which€had€been€submitted€on€time,€as€an€indication€ofŠ ' w ŠTongaššs€willingness€to€maintain€a€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€However,€it€regretted€that€theŠ  ` Šreport€was€extremely€brief€and€stressed€that€the€State€party€had€assumed€specific€obligations€underŠ ł I Šthe€Convention€including€that€of€submitting€reports,€in€accordance€with€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€theŠ ā 2  ŠConvention.€€The€Committeeššs€general€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1)€should€be€taken€into€account.Š Ė   ŠĢ409.€€The€Committee€observed€that,€while€it€was€true€that€Tonga,€as€a€small€country€with€limitedŠ ķ  Šhuman€and€economic€resources,€faced€certain€difficulties€in€complying€with€its€reporting€obligations,Š †Ö  Šother€small€countries€with€similar€limitations€had€submitted€satisfactory€reports€and€the€GovernmentŠ oæ  Šof€Tonga€itself,€in€its€previous€periodic€reports,€had€made€efforts€to€provide€comprehensiveŠ XØ  Šinformation.Š A‘ ŠĢ410.€€In€that€connection,€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€the€report€under€consideration€was€totallyŠ c Šsilent€on€the€questions€raised€by€the€Committee€during€the€examination€of€Tongaššs€sixth€periodicŠ üL Šreport,€especially€with€reference€to€the€Racial€Discrimination€Act€which€the€Government€of€TongaŠ å5 Šhad€announced€it€would€enact€to€implement€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š Ī ŠĢ411.€€The€Committee,€therefore,€expressed€the€view€that€the€Government€of€Tonga€should€beŠ  š Šrequested€to€provide€in€its€eighth€periodic€report€full€information€on€measures€taken€to€give€effectŠ ‰Ł Što€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€Government€could€submit€a€supplementary€report€in€theŠ rĀ Šinterim€period€before€its€eighth€periodic€report,€which€was€due€on€17€March€1987.€€It€should€alsoŠ [« Šindicate€whether€it€encountered€difficulties€in€the€preparation€of€its€reports€and€whether€it€requiredŠ D” Šany€assistance€from€the€Committee€in€that€regard.Š  -} Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/44/18€(1989)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ185.€€The€Committee€considered€the€eighth€periodic€report€of€Tonga€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/158/Add.5)€at€itsŠ ƒÓ Š838ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€11€August€1989€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.837);€to€the€Committeeššs€regret,€the€State€partyŠ l¼ Šhad€not€sent€a€representative€on€that€occasion.Š U„ ŠĢ186.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€report,€which€showed€that€the€Government€clearlyŠ ' w Šintended€to€answer€its€questions.€€However,€they€regretted€that€the€report€was€so€brief€and€observedŠ  ` Šthat€although€Tonga€was€a€small€State€with€limited€resources,€it€must€none€the€less€meet€itsŠ ł I Šobligations€under€the€Convention.€€In€general€they€would€have€liked€to€have€figures€on€theŠ ā 2  Šcomposition€of€Tongaššs€population.Š Ė   ŠĢ187.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€Tonga€was€implementing€the€provisions€ofŠ ķ  Šarticle€3€of€the€Convention€and,€more€particularly,€whether€it€had€ratified€the€main€internationalŠ †Ö  Šinstruments€relating€to€the€elimination€of€ņņapartheidóó.Š oæ  ŠĢ188.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wondered€what€stepsŠ A‘ Šhad€been€taken€to€combat€racism.€€They€noted€that€Tonga€did€not€seed€to€be€implementing€theŠ *z Šprovisions€of€that€article€and€wished€to€know€whether€the€bill€on€racial€discrimination€had€beenŠ c Šadopted,€whether€Tonga€had€a€Penal€Code€and,€if€not,€what€legal€system€was€applied.Š üL ŠĢ189.€€Some€members€wished€to€know€how€the€rights€referred€to€in€article€5€of€the€Convention€wereŠ Ī Šimplemented€and€expressed€particular€surprise€at€the€fact€that€the€country€had€no€trade€unions.€€InŠ · Šaddition,€information€was€sought€on€the€functioning€of€the€courts,€the€role€of€information€media,€theŠ  š Šeducation€system€and€the€system€of€land€tenure,€particularly€in€connection€with€the€bill€concerningŠ ‰Ł Šthe€Crown€lands€and€hereditary€land€tenure.Š  rĀ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/48/18€(1993)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ548.€€The€ninth€and€tenth€periodic€reports€of€Tonga,€submitted€in€one€documentŠ ƒÓ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/209/Add.5),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€1006th€meeting,€held€on€16€AugustŠ l¼ Š1993€without€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€the€reporting€State€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1006),€a€factŠ U„ Šregretted€by€the€Committee.Š > Ž ŠĢ549.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€report,€which€contained€information€on€some€issuesŠ  ` Šdiscussed€during€the€consideration€of€the€previous€report€of€Tonga€four€years€previously.€€At€theŠ ł I Šsame€time€they€indicated€that€the€report€did€not€follow€the€Committee's€revised€general€guidelinesŠ ā 2  Šfor€the€preparation€of€reports€and€contained€little€information€with€respect€to€the€measuresŠ Ė   Šundertaken€by€the€Government€in€order€to€implement€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€especiallyŠ “  Šthose€contained€in€articles€5€to€7.Š ķ  ŠĢ550.€€Members,€having€noted€the€absence€of€information€of€a€general€character€in€the€report,€askedŠ oæ  Šthe€Government€of€Tonga€to€submit€as€soon€as€possible€the€"core€document",€which€should€beŠ XØ  Šprepared€in€accordance€with€the€"Consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€StateŠ A‘ Šparties"€(document€Ō_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/CORE/1).€€They€also€indicated€that€for€the€preparation€of€that€document,Š *z Šas€well€as€the€next€periodic€report,€the€Government€might€request€the€assistance€of€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€forŠ c ŠHuman€Rights.Š üL ŠĢ551.€€With€respect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whatŠ Ī Šconcrete€measures€had€been€taken€by€the€Government€of€Tonga€to€bring€the€national€legislation€intoŠ · Šline€with€the€provisions€of€that€article.Š  š ŠĢ552.€€As€far€as€articles€5€to€7€of€the€Convention€were€concerned,€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ rĀ Šrequested€that€more€detailed€information€be€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report€with€respect€to€theirŠ [« Šimplementation.€€In€particular,€they€wished€to€know€whether€the€national€electoral€legislation€metŠ D” Šthe€requirements€of€article€5€of€the€Convention;€what€the€procedure€was€for€obtaining,€through€theŠ -} Šcompetent€national€tribunals,€just€and€adequate€reparation€or€satisfaction€for€any€damage€sufferedŠ f Šas€a€result€of€racial€discrimination;€and€what€the€place€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€in€the€nationalŠ ’O Šjudicial€system.€€The€members€also€sought€more€detailed€information€with€respect€to€education€andŠ č 8 Šteaching€as€a€means€of€combating€prejudice€which€lead€to€racial€discrimination.Š Ń!!  ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ £#ó" ŠĢ553.€€At€its€1009th€meeting,€held€on€18€August€1993,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingŠ u%Å $ Šconcluding€observations.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ(a)€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ 0(€#' ŠĢ554.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€submission€of€the€ninth€and€tenth€periodic€reports€by€theŠ *R%) ŠGovernment€of€Tonga.€€It€regretted€that€the€report€did€not€follow€the€Committee's€revised€generalŠ ė*;&* Šguidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports€and€that€it€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€to€be€considered€in€the€absence€of€theŠ Ō+$'+ ŠState€party's€representative.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š(b)€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ° ŠĢ555.€€The€Committee€appreciated€the€statistical€data€in€the€report€on€the€ethnic€composition€ofŠ ‚Ņ Šsociety,€which€had€been€requested€during€the€consideration€of€the€previous€report€of€Tonga€on€11Š k» ŠAugust€1989.Š T¤ ŠĢ556.€€It€noted€with€appreciation€the€amendments€made€since€the€consideration€of€the€eighth€periodicŠ & v Šreport€in€1989€to€the€Constitution€of€Tonga,€the€Inquest€Act€and€the€Town€Regulations€Act.€€ThoseŠ  _ Šamendments€brought€the€national€legislation€of€the€State€party€closer€to€the€requirements€of€theŠ ų H ŠConvention.Š į 1  ŠĢ(c)€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€ConventionóóŠ ³  ŠĢ557.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€administrative€difficulties€encountered€by€the€State€party€inŠ …Õ  Šthe€preparation€of€reports€to€be€submitted€to€the€Committee€in€accordance€with€article€9€of€theŠ n¾  ŠConvention.Š W§  ŠĢ(d)€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ )y ŠĢ558.€€The€Committee€considered€that€the€legislation€of€Tonga€did€not€fulfil€the€requirements€ofŠ ūK Šarticle€4€of€the€Convention.€€It€also€noted€that€the€information€provided€in€the€report€was€insufficientŠ ä4 Šfor€an€overall€evaluation€of€the€State€party's€implementation€of€the€other€provisions€of€theŠ Ķ ŠConvention.€€The€Committee€regretted€the€absence€of€information€in€the€report€with€respect€to€theŠ ¶ Šgeneral€political€structure,€the€general€legal€framework€within€which€human€rights€were€protected,Š Ÿļ Šand€the€overall€economic€and€social€situation€of€the€country.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ(e)€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ZŖ ŠĢ559.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€careful€consideration€be€given€by€the€Government€of€TongaŠ ,| Što€incorporating€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€national€legislation,€particularly€those€of€articleŠ e Š4€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€also€recommended€that€the€next€report€should€contain€moreŠ žN Šdetailed€information€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€especially€its€articles€5,€6€and€7.€€ForŠ ē 7 Šthat€purpose€the€Committee€recommended€that€the€Government€of€Tonga€should€request€theŠ Š!   Šassistance€of€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Human€Rights.Š  ¹" ! Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/53/18€(1998)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ465.€€The€Committee€considered€the€eleventh,€twelfth€and€thirteenth€periodic€reports€of€TongaŠ ƒÓ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/319/Add.3),€at€its€1298th€meeting,€on€18€August€1998.€€At€its€1302nd€meeting,€on€20Š l¼ ŠAugust€1998,€it€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Š U„ ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ' w ŠĢ466.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€presentation€of€the€State€party's€report,€but€regrets€that€theŠ ł I Šabsence€of€a€delegation€in€its€meeting€did€not€allow€it€to€enter€into€a€dialogue€with€the€State€party.€Š ā 2  ŠThe€Committee€notes€that€the€report€does€not€follow€the€guidelines€for€the€presentation€of€reports.Š Ė   ŠĢB.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ķ  ŠĢ467.€€The€regularity€in€the€presentation€of€periodic€reports€is€most€welcome,€considering€that€TongaŠ oæ  Šis€a€small€country€with€limited€resources.Š XØ  ŠĢ468.€€It€is€noted€with€satisfaction€that€the€Constitution€contains€provisions€prohibiting€the€practiceŠ *z Šof€racial€discrimination€and€ensuring€equal€rights€for€all€the€people€in€the€territory€of€the€State€party.€Š c ŠThe€statement€in€the€report€to€the€effect€that€measures€taken€to€encourage€integration€and€multiracialŠ üL Šorganizations€have€been€promoted€by€allowing€non-Ō_ŌTongansŌ_Ō€to€participate€in€schools,€business,Š å5 Šreligion€and€other€aspects€of€public€life€is€also€noted€with€interest.Š Ī ŠĢ469.€€The€Constitution€also€contains€provisions€allowing€any€individual€to€bring€complaints€aboutŠ  š Šdiscrimination€on€racial€grounds€before€the€courts.€€The€statement€in€the€report€indicating€that€thereŠ ‰Ł Šhave€been€no€court€decisions€on€any€case€relating€to€racial€discrimination€is€also€noted.Š rĀ ŠĢC.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ D” ŠĢ470.€€The€report€does€not€contain€sufficient€information€that€would€allow€the€Committee€to€assessŠ f Šthe€level€of€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Tonga.Š ’O ŠĢ471.€€Concern€is€expressed,€in€particular,€at€the€lack€of€legislation€intended€to€enforce€the€provisionsŠ Ń!!  Šcontained€in€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€at€the€statement€contained€in€the€report€that€Tonga€hasŠ ŗ" ! Šno€express€policy€on€the€elimination€of€racial€discrimination.Š £#ó" ŠĢ472.€€In€view€of€the€ethnic€characteristics€of€the€population,€the€structure€of€power€in€the€country€andŠ u%Å $ Šthe€configuration€of€the€Legislative€Assembly,€it€is€regretted€that€the€State€party€has€not€providedŠ ^&®!% Šdetailed€information€about€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€the€ConventionŠ G'—"& Švis--vis€the€different€ethnic€groups.Š 0(€#' ŠĢ473.€€It€is€a€matter€of€concern€that,€as€the€Convention€has€not€been€incorporated€into€the€domesticŠ *R%) Šlaw,€it€cannot€be€invoked€in€the€courts.Š ė*;&* ŠĢD.€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š474.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€report€provide€updated€information€about€theŠ ° Špopulation,€in€conformity€with€paragraph€8€of€the€Committee's€general€guidelines.€€The€reportŠ ™é Šshould€also€contain€detailed€information€about€the€practical€implementation€of€the€Convention,Š ‚Ņ Šespecially€articles€4€and€5.Š k» ŠĢ475.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€provide€a€core€document€as€soon€as€possible.Š =  ŠĢ476.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€subjects€intended€to€promote€tolerance€among€differentŠ  _ Šethnic€groups€be€incorporated€in€school€curricula.Š ų H ŠĢ477.€€The€Committee€suggests€that,€in€the€preparation€of€its€next€periodic€report,€the€GovernmentŠ Ź   Šof€Tonga€may€wish€to€avail€itself€of€the€technical€assistance€provided€under€the€advisory€servicesŠ ³  Šand€technical€assistance€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€forŠ œģ  ŠHuman€Rights.Š …Õ  ŠĢ478.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ W§  Š6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theŠ @ ŠConvention.Š )y ŠĢ479.€€It€is€noted€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€theŠ ūK ŠConvention€and€some€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€possibility€of€such€a€declarationŠ ä4 Šbe€considered.Š Ķ ŠĢ480.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report,€due€on€17€March€1999,Š Ÿļ Šaddress€all€the€points€raised€in€the€present€observations.€€It€also€expresses€the€hope€that€a€delegationŠ ˆŲ Šbe€present€when€the€Committee€considers€the€report.Š qĮ ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢŠ „-õ(- Š‡ņ ņŌUKUS.,ŌŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/55/18€Ō_Ō(2000)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢ175.€ą r ąThe€Committee€considered€the€fourteenth€periodic€report€of€Tonga€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/362/Add.3)€atŠ l¼ Šits€1384th€meeting€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1384),€held€on€14€March€2000.€€At€its€1395th€meetingŠ U„ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1395),€held€on€22March€2000,€it€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Š > Ž ŠĢ1.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ  ` ŠĢ176.€ą r ąThe€Committee€welcomes€the€report€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€expresses€satisfactionŠ ā 2  Šover€the€regularity€with€which€it€fulfils€its€reporting€obligations€under€the€Convention.€AlthoughŠ Ė   Šregretting€the€absence€of€a€delegation€at€the€meeting,€the€Committee€recognizes€the€difficultiesŠ “  Šinherent€in€the€appointment€of€such€a€delegation€for€a€small€State€like€Tonga.Š ķ  ŠĢ177.€ą r ąThe€Committee€is€particularly€pleased€by€the€special€effort€made€by€the€State€party€to€respondŠ oæ  Što€questions€contained€in€its€previous€concluding€observations€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/304/Add.63).Š XØ  ŠĢ2.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ *z ŠĢ178.€ą r ąThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€partyššs€information,€in€response€to€previousŠ üL Šrequests€from€the€Committee,€on€the€constitutional€protection€of€the€enjoyment€of€rights€enumeratedŠ å5 Šin€article€5€of€the€Convention.Š Ī ŠĢ3.€€ņņConcerns€and€recommendationsóóŠ  š ŠĢ179.€ą r ąThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€repeatedly€asserted€that€there€is€no€racialŠ rĀ Šdiscrimination€as€defined€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€underlines,€however,€thatŠ [« Šthe€obligation€of€States€parties€to€enact€explicit€legislation€in€accordance€with€article€4€of€theŠ D” ŠConvention€should€not€be€seen€merely€as€a€means€to€ensure€protection€against€existing€violationsŠ -} Šof€the€Convention,€but€as€a€preventive€measure.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€absenceŠ f Šof€complaints€and€legal€action€by€victims€of€racial€discrimination€could€possibly€be€an€indicationŠ ’O Šof€a€lack€of€awareness€of€available€legal€remedies,€or€a€result€of€the€absence€of€relevant€specificŠ č 8 Šlegislation.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€steps€to€ensure€that€nationalŠ Ń!!  Šlegislation€is€in€full€conformity€with€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š ŗ" ! ŠÓ  ÓĢ180.€ą | ąThe€Committee€notes€that€the€Convention€has€not€been€incorporated€in€domestic€law€andŠ Œ$Ü# Šcannot€be€invoked€before€the€national€courts.€€It€notes,€however,€that€the€State€party€asserts€that€theŠ u%Å $ ŠConvention€is€implicitly€applied.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ181.€ą | ąThe€Committee€recommends,€with€reference€to€its€revised€general€guidelines€regarding€theŠ 0(€#' Šform€and€contents€of€reports€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.4),€that€the€State€party€include€in€its€next€reportŠ )i$( Šinformation€on€factors€affecting€and€difficulties€experienced€in€ensuring€for€women€the€equalŠ *R%) Šenjoyment,€free€from€racial€discrimination,€of€rights€under€the€Convention,€in€order€for€theŠ ė*;&* ŠCommittee€to€be€able€to€assess€whether€any€racial€discrimination€has€an€impact€on€women€differentŠ Ō+$'+ Šfrom€that€which€it€has€on€men.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ō182.€ą | ąParticular€concern€is€expressed€at€section€10€(2)€(c)€of€the€Immigration€Act€of€the€Laws€ofŠ ° ŠTonga,€according€to€which€the€right€to€marriage€between€a€Tongan€and€a€non„Tongan€is€conditionedŠ ™é Šby€the€written€consent€of€the€Principal€Immigration€Officer.€€The€Committee€considers€that€suchŠ ‚Ņ Šlegislation€might€constitute€a€breach€of€article€5,€paragraph€(d)€of€the€Convention.Š k» ŠĢ183.€ą | ąThe€State€party€is€invited€to€provide€further€information€in€its€next€report€on€measures€takenŠ =  Šin€the€field€of€education€and€culture€to€combat€and€prevent€racial€discrimination.Š & v ŠĢ184.€ą | ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€prepare€a€core€document€in€accordance€withŠ ų H Šthe€consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€States€Parties€(A/45/636,€para.65).Š į 1  ŠĢ185.€ą | ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ ³  Š6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theŠ œģ  ŠConvention.Š …Õ  ŠĢ186.€ą | ąIt€is€noted€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€theŠ W§  ŠConvention,€and€some€members€of€the€Committee€request€that€the€possibility€of€making€such€aŠ @ Šdeclaration€be€considered.Š )y ŠĢ187.€ą | ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyššs€next€periodic€report,€due€on17March2001,Š ūK Šbe€a€comprehensive€report€and€that€it€address€all€the€points€raised€in€the€present€observations.Š ä4 ŠŌUS.,UK.,ł‡ŌĢĢĢĢ