’WPCI ĀH^łĮ’ ?cĆ8µK_Iź-®ikcP=õÆ ?cĆņB½WÆÅ×-U#ŻKŁąķ=/='Мy}š&—æ`?ŌHÕŪ 5 unā#ƒ Ą½ {Un"•’Ćƒ'òŃa ó’–ŹõĒģPĘ ¶nʼn8'óP¦ųėėKGOžh°c• ÆŲ`8ņoŌQgk¹˜œ)jQ=«€ˆŌ‘» ?ģ5<.¾šS÷S‹anĒ ŹĪ|¬ ›@ź1YyEÆ.†ś2C—Aū’[ ’v’h4/@28ī®wcÓžU±0˜ 0ܐƠu„„½ś"Ÿ… 1TG œæ Ļ&ĒešĻXß[†É’Ń\Ŗk%«Ŗ÷=~pwģyß?Ē`SaP2ģšjRćįžÜ‚¼0µrō„“ Ż2„³Ķ)zÆ=ƒ›×ŌĻMĀJĒ ^kĻ[qͰvRCWv[½$ĖšĖ·Aļ֝sć7¬¹O"Ž_2uŗé$—Ä.ØBł±ŪŠĻJĄ Uhę®dсža y‘ z\_ė«»€¦E..:»“xQs8K°¢üYLŪ6 ˜d×Z3CĪbł¼Ēy«©°““É&”äčžkBŒnAÅŁŒŚ–Ī"m²ˆ  ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€declares€that€it€will€implement€the€provisions€of€this€Covenant€only€to€theŠ Č  ŠStates€with€which€it€has€diplomatic€relations.Š µ ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€declares€that€this€Convention€is€ratified€exclusively€with€regard€to€theŠ ß Šnational€territory€where€the€Constitution€and€the€legal€and€administrative€order€of€the€Republic€ofŠ |Ģ ŠTurkey€are€applied.Š i¹ ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€reserves€the€right€to€interpret€and€apply€the€provisions€of€Article€27€of€theŠ C“ ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€in€accordance€with€the€related€provisions€andŠ 0€ Šrules€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€and€the€Treaty€of€Lausanne€of€24€July€1923€andŠ m Šits€Appendixes.Š  Z ŠĢĢņ ņņņŌUSUK.,ŌOBJECTIONS€MADE€TO€STATE€PARTYššS€RESERVATIONS€AND€DECLARATIONSó óóóŌUK.,US.,ģŌŠ Ń! ŠĢņ ņCyprusó ó,€26€November€2003Š Ŗś ŠĢWith€regard€to€the€declaration€made€by€Turkey€upon€ratification:Š ‡!× ŠĢ"...the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Cyprus€has€examined€the€declaration€made€by€theŠ a#±! ŠGovernment€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€RightsŠ N$ž" Š(New€York,€16€December€1966)€on€23€September€2003,€in€respect€of€the€implementation€of€theŠ ;%‹ # Šprovisions€of€the€Convention€only€to€the€States€Parties€which€it€recognizes€and€with€which€it€hasŠ (&x!$ Šdiplomatic€relations.Š 'e"% ŠĢIn€the€view€of€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Cyprus,€this€declaration€amounts€to€a€reservation.Š ļ(?$' ŠThis€reservation€creates€uncertainty€as€to€the€States€Parties€in€respect€of€which€Turkey€isŠ Ü),%( Šundertaking€the€obligations€in€the€Covenant,€and€raises€doubt€as€to€the€commitment€of€Turkey€toŠ É*&) Šthe€object€and€purpose€of€the€said€Covenant.€The€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Cyprus€thereforeŠ ¶+'* Šobjects€to€the€reservation€made€by€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€to€the€InternationalŠ ° ŠCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š ķ ŠĢThis€reservation€or€the€objection€to€it€shall€not€preclude€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€betweenŠ wĒ Šthe€Republic€of€Cyprus€and€the€Republic€of€Turkey."€Š d“ ŠĢÓ  Ó*****Š > Ž ŠÓ6 ÓĢņ ņFinlandó ó,€13€October€2004Š  h ŠĢWith€regard€to€declarations€and€the€reservation€made€by€Turkey€upon€ratification:Š õ E  ŠĢ"The€Government€of€Finland€has€examined€the€declarations€and€reservation€made€by€the€RepublicŠ Ļ  Šof€Turkey€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€The€Government€of€FinlandŠ ¼  Šnotes€that€the€Republic€of€Turkey€reserves€the€right€to€interpret€and€apply€the€provisions€of€ArticleŠ ©ł  Š27€of€the€Covenant€in€accordance€with€the€related€provisions€and€rules€of€the€Constitution€of€theŠ –ę  ŠRepublic€of€Turkey€and€the€Treaty€of€Lausanne€of€24€July€1923€and€its€Appendixes.Š ƒÓ ŠĢThe€Government€of€Finland€emphasises€the€great€importance€of€the€rights€of€minorities€providedŠ ]­ Šfor€in€Article€27€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€The€reference€to€theŠ Jš ŠConstitution€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€is€of€a€general€nature€and€does€not€clearly€specify€the€contentŠ 7‡ Šof€the€reservation.€The€Government€of€Finland€therefore€wishes€to€declare€that€it€assumes€that€theŠ $t ŠGovernment€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€will€ensure€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€minoritiesŠ a Šrecognised€in€the€Covenant€and€will€do€its€utmost€to€bring€its€national€legislation€into€complianceŠ žN Šwith€the€obligations€under€the€Covenant€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€the€reservation.€ThisŠ ė; Šdeclaration€does€not€preclude€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€between€the€Republic€of€TurkeyŠ Ų( Šand€Finland."€Š Å ŠĢÓ  Ó*****Š Ÿļ ŠÓÓĢņ ņGermanyó ó,€13€October€2004Š y É ŠĢWith€regard€to€declarations€and€the€reservation€made€by€Turkey€upon€ratification:Š V"¦  ŠĢThe€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€has€declared€that€it€will€implement€the€provisions€of€theŠ 0$€" ŠCovenant€only€to€the€states€with€which€it€has€diplomatic€relations.€Moreover,€the€Government€ofŠ %m # Šthe€Republic€of€Turkey€has€declared€that€it€ratifies€the€Covenant€exclusively€with€regard€to€theŠ  &Z!$ Šnational€territory€where€the€Constitution€and€the€legal€and€administrative€order€of€the€Republic€ofŠ ÷&G"% ŠTurkey€are€applied.€Furthermore,€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€has€reserved€the€rightŠ ä'4#& Što€interpret€and€apply€the€provisions€of€Article€27€of€the€Covenant€in€accordance€with€the€relatedŠ Ń(!$' Šprovisions€and€rules€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€and€the€Treaty€of€Lausanne€ofŠ ¾)%( Š24€July€1923€and€its€Appendixes.Š «*ū%) ŠŠ ˜+č&* ŠThe€Government€of€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany€would€like€to€recall€that€it€is€in€the€commonŠ ° Šinterest€of€all€states€that€treaties€to€which€they€have€chosen€to€become€parties€are€respected€andŠ ķ Šapplied€as€to€their€object€and€purpose€by€all€parties,€and€that€states€are€prepared€to€undertake€anyŠ ŠŚ Šlegislative€changes€necessary€to€comply€with€their€obligations€under€these€treaties.€The€GovernmentŠ wĒ Šof€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany€is€therefore€concerned€about€declarations€and€reservations€suchŠ d“ Šas€those€made€and€expressed€by€the€Republic€of€Turkey€with€respect€to€the€International€CovenantŠ Q ” Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š > Ž ŠĢHowever,€the€Government€of€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany€believes€these€declarations€do€notŠ  h Šaim€to€limit€the€Covenant's€scope€in€relation€to€those€states€with€which€Turkey€has€established€bondsŠ  U  Šunder€the€Covenant,€and€that€they€do€not€aim€to€impose€any€other€restrictions€that€are€not€providedŠ ņ B  Šfor€by€the€Covenant.€The€Government€of€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany€attaches€great€importanceŠ ß/  Što€the€rights€guaranteed€by€Article€27€of€the€Covenant.€The€Government€of€the€Federal€Republic€ofŠ Ģ  ŠGermany€understands€the€reservation€expressed€by€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€toŠ ¹  Šmean€that€the€rights€guaranteed€by€Article€27€of€the€Covenant€will€also€be€granted€to€all€minoritiesŠ ¦ö  Šnot€mentioned€in€the€provisions€and€rules€referred€to€in€the€reservation."€Š “ć  ŠĢÓ  Ó*****Š m½ ŠÓÓĢņ ņGreeceó ó,€11€October€2004Š G— ŠĢWith€regard€to€the€declarations€made€by€Turkey€upon€ratification:Š $t ŠĢ"The€Government€of€Greece€has€examined€the€declarations€made€by€the€Republic€of€Turkey€uponŠ žN Šratifying€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š ė; ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€declares€that€it€will€implement€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€only€to€theŠ Å ŠStates€with€which€it€has€diplomatic€relations.Š ² ŠĢIn€the€view€of€the€Government€of€Greece,€this€declaration€in€fact€amounts€to€a€reservation.€ThisŠ ŒÜ Šreservation€is€incompatible€with€the€principle€that€inter„State€reciprocity€has€no€place€in€the€contextŠ y É Šof€human€rights€treaties,€which€concern€the€endowment€of€individuals€with€rights.€It€is€thereforeŠ f!¶ Šcontrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.Š S"£  ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€furthermore€declares€that€the€Covenant€is€ratified€exclusively€with€regardŠ -$}" Što€the€national€territory€where€the€Constitution€and€the€legal€and€administrative€order€of€theŠ %j # ŠRepublic€of€Turkey€are€applied.Š &W!$ ŠĢIn€the€view€of€the€Government€of€Greece,€this€declaration€in€fact€amounts€to€a€reservation.€ThisŠ į'1#& Šreservation€is€contrary€to€the€letter€and€the€spirit€of€article€2€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€of€the€Covenant.€Indeed,€a€StateŠ Ī($' ŠParty€must€respect€and€ensure€the€rights€laid€down€in€the€Covenant€to€anyone€within€the€power€orŠ ») %( Šeffective€control€of€that€State€Party,€even€if€not€situated€within€the€territory€of€such€State€Party.Š Ø*ų%) ŠAccordingly,€this€reservation€is€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.Š •+å&* ЇFor€these€reasons,€the€Government€of€Greece€objects€to€the€aforesaid€reservations€made€by€theŠ ° ŠRepublic€of€Turkey€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š ķ ŠĢThis€objection€shall€not€preclude€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€between€the€Hellenic€RepublicŠ wĒ Šand€the€Republic€of€Turkey.€The€Covenant,€therefore,€enters€into€force€between€the€two€StatesŠ d“ Šwithout€the€Republic€of€Turkey€benefiting€from€these€reservations."Š Q ” ŠĢÓ  Ó*****Š + { ŠÓ—(ÓĢņ ņPortugaló ó,€13€October€2004Š  U  ŠĢWith€regard€to€declarations€and€the€reservation€made€by€Turkey€upon€ratification:Š ā2  ŠĢ"The€Government€of€Portugal€considers€that€reservations€by€which€a€State€limits€its€responsibilitiesŠ ¼  Šunder€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€(Ō_ŌICCPRŌ_Ō)€by€invoking€certainŠ ©ł  Šprovisions€of€national€law€in€general€terms€may€create€doubts€as€to€the€commitment€of€the€reservingŠ –ę  ŠState€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€convention€and,€moreover,€contribute€to€undermining€the€basisŠ ƒÓ Šof€international€law.Š pĄ ŠĢIt€is€in€the€common€interest€of€all€States€that€treaties€to€which€they€have€chosen€to€become€partiesŠ Jš Šare€respected€as€to€their€object€and€purpose€by€all€parties€and€that€States€are€prepared€to€undertakeŠ 7‡ Šany€legislative€changes€necessary€to€comply€with€their€obligations€under€the€treaties.Š $t ŠĢThe€Government€of€Portugal€therefore€objects€to€the€reservation€by€Turkey€to€the€Ō_ŌICCPRŌ_Ō.€ThisŠ žN Šobjection€shall€not€constitute€an€obstacle€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€between€PortugalŠ ė; Šand€Turkey."Š Ų( ŠĢÓ  Ó*****Š ² ŠÓ.ÓĢņ ņSwedenó ó,€30€June€2004Š ŒÜ ŠĢWith€regard€to€the€declarations€and€reservation€made€by€Turkey€upon€signature€and€confirmed€uponŠ i!¹ Šratification:Š V"¦  ŠĢThe€Government€of€Sweden€has€examined€the€declarations€and€reservation€made€by€the€RepublicŠ 0$€" Šof€Turkey€upon€ratifying€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š %m # ŠĢThe€Republic€of€Turkey€declares€that€it€will€implement€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€only€to€theŠ ÷&G"% ŠState€parties€with€which€it€has€diplomatic€relations.€This€statement€in€fact€amounts,€in€the€view€ofŠ ä'4#& Šthe€Government€of€Sweden,€to€a€reservation.€The€reservation€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€makes€itŠ Ń(!$' Šunclear€to€what€extent€the€Republic€of€Turkey€considers€itself€bound€by€the€obligations€of€theŠ ¾)%( ŠCovenant.€In€absence€of€further€clarification,€therefore,€the€reservation€raises€doubt€as€to€theŠ «*ū%) Šcommitment€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€to€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.Š ˜+č&* ЇThe€Republic€of€Turkey€furthermore€declares€that€the€Covenant€is€ratified€exclusively€with€regardŠ ° Što€the€national€territory€where€the€Constitution€and€the€legal€and€administrative€order€of€theŠ ķ ŠRepublic€of€Turkey€are€applied.€This€statement€also€amounts,€in€the€view€of€the€Government€ofŠ ŠŚ ŠSweden,€to€a€reservation.€It€should€be€recalled€that€the€duty€to€respect€and€ensure€the€rightsŠ wĒ Šrecognized€in€the€Covenant€is€mandatory€upon€State€parties€in€relation€to€all€individuals€under€theirŠ d“ Šjurisdiction.€A€limitation€to€the€national€territory€is€contrary€to€the€obligations€of€State€parties€in€thisŠ Q ” Šregard€and€therefore€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.Š > Ž ŠĢThe€Government€of€Sweden€notes€that€the€interpretation€and€application€of€article€27€of€theŠ  h ŠCovenant€is€being€made€subject€to€a€general€reservation€referring€to€the€Constitution€of€the€RepublicŠ  U  Šof€Turkey€and€the€Treaty€of€Lausanne€of€24€July€1923€and€its€Appendixes.€The€general€referenceŠ ņ B  Što€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey,€which,€in€the€absence€of€further€clarification,€doesŠ ß/  Šnot€clearly€specify€the€extent€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey's€derogation€from€the€provision€in€question,Š Ģ  Šraises€serious€doubts€as€to€the€commitment€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€to€the€object€and€purpose€ofŠ ¹  Šthe€Covenant.Š ¦ö  ŠĢThe€Government€of€Sweden€furthermore€wishes€to€recall€that€the€rights€of€persons€belonging€toŠ €Š Šminorities€in€accordance€with€article€27€of€the€Covenant€are€to€be€respected€without€discrimination.Š m½ ŠAs€has€been€laid€down€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€its€General€comment€23€on€Article€27Š ZŖ Šof€the€Covenant,€the€existence€of€a€minority€does€not€depend€upon€a€decision€by€the€state€butŠ G— ŠŌ_Ōrequires€to€be€established€by€objective€criteria.€The€subjugation€of€the€application€of€article€27€toŠ 4„ Šthe€rules€and€provisions€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Turkey€and€the€Treaty€of€LausanneŠ !q Šand€its€Appendixes€is,€therefore,€in€the€view€of€the€Government€of€Sweden,€incompatible€with€theŠ ^ Šobject€and€purpose€of€the€Covenant.Š ūK ŠĢAccording€to€established€customary€law€as€codified€by€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€ofŠ Õ% ŠTreaties,€reservations€incompatible€with€the€object€and€purpose€of€a€treaty€shall€not€be€permitted.Š Ā ŠIt€is€in€the€common€interest€of€all€States€that€treaties€to€which€they€have€chosen€to€become€partiesŠ Æ’ Šare€respected€as€to€their€object€and€purpose,€by€all€parties,€and€that€States€are€prepared€to€undertakeŠ œģ Šany€legislative€changes€necessary€to€comply€with€their€obligations€under€the€treaties.Š ‰Ł ŠĢThe€Government€of€Sweden€therefore€objects€to€the€aforesaid€reservations€made€by€the€RepublicŠ c!³ Šof€Turkey€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š P"   ŠĢThis€objection€shall€not€preclude€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€between€the€Republic€ofŠ *$z" ŠTurkey€and€Sweden.€The€Covenant€enters€into€force€in€its€entirety€between€the€two€States,€withoutŠ %g # Šthe€Republic€of€Turkey€benefiting€from€its€reservations.Š &T!$ Š