’WPC[ Āńž¤¶<¦BWpYūą[u(U=F„&±.—Ck2#Šc×īƼtp5ŗ`†ēT­phP¾äč=ōŽć꬛’éČf¹½Ą Ž Š18€November€1992€(see€CAT/C/SR.€132,€133€and€133/Add.€2).Š ' w ŠĢ262.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€pointed€out€that,€inŠ ł I Šaddition€to€the€nine€dependent€territories€covered€by€the€report€(Anguilla,€British€Virgin€Islands,Š ā 2  ŠCayman€Islands,€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),€Gibraltar,€Montserrat,€Pitcairn,€Saint€Helena€andŠ Ė   ŠTurks€and€Caicos€Islands),€the€Convention€would€be€extended€by€the€end€of€the€year€to€the€otherŠ “  Šremaining€dependent€territories,€namely,€Bermuda,€the€Channel€Islands,€Hong€Kong€and€the€Isle€ofŠ ķ  ŠMan.€€The€representative€then€outlined€the€history€and€the€main€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic€conditions€of€theŠ †Ö  Šnine€dependent€territories€under€consideration€and€pointed€out€that€they€were€all€inhabited€byŠ oæ  Šdemocratic€communities€which€had€a€very€large€measure€of€local€autonomy€and€very€similar€legalŠ XØ  Šsystems€based€on€the€English€system.Š A‘ ŠĢ263.€€He€stated€that€all€the€dependent€territories€except€the€British€Virgin€Islands,€the€CaymanŠ c ŠIslands,€Pitcairn€and€Saint€Helena€had€human€rights€provisions€in€their€Constitutions,€in€each€caseŠ üL Šmodelled€on€and€derived€from€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights;€and€each€contained€aŠ å5 Šprovision€explicitly€prohibiting€torture€and€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€In€allŠ Ī Šcases,€the€constitutional€provisions€also€included€an€enforcement€provision€giving€anyone€whoŠ · Šclaimed€to€have€been€subjected€to€or€threatened€with€torture€or€inhuman€treatment€the€right€to€haveŠ  š Šaccess€to€the€Supreme€Court€and€giving€the€Supreme€Court€the€power€to€grant€whatever€redress€theŠ ‰Ł Šcircumstances€of€the€case€required.Š rĀ ŠĢ264.€€In€addition,€the€dependent€territories€had€legislative€and€administrative€measures€which€laidŠ D” Šdown€in€great€detail€the€procedure€that€the€police€must€follow€in€dealing€with€detained€persons,€inŠ -} Šparticular€with€regard€to€their€treatment,€interrogation,€the€admissibility€in€evidence€of€confessionsŠ f Šetc.€€In€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€and€Saint€Helena€those€measures€corresponded€almostŠ ’O Šexactly€to€the€United€Kingdom€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act€of€1984€and€the€various€codes€ofŠ č 8 Špractice€promulgated€under€it.€€In€the€other€territories,€those€measures€had€been€elaborated€by€theŠ Ń!!  ŠJudgesšš€Rules,€a€set€of€administrative€rules€drawn€up€originally€in€1913€and€revised€from€time€toŠ ŗ" ! Štime€by€the€judges€and€brought€up€to€date,€as€necessary.Š £#ó" ŠĢ265.€€The€representative€also€pointed€out€that€the€discretion€to€refuse€to€extradite,€accorded€to€theŠ u%Å $ ŠHome€Secretary€in€the€United€Kingdom€and€to€the€governors€in€the€dependent€territories,€would€beŠ ^&®!% Šused€in€the€sense€of€non„extradition€in€cases€where€there€were€substantial€grounds€for€believing€thereŠ G'—"& Što€be€a€danger€of€torture.€€On€the€other€hand,€adequate€powers€were€available€in€all€circumstancesŠ 0(€#' Šfor€the€extradition€of€alleged€torturers€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€articles€7€and€8€of€theŠ )i$( ŠConvention.Š *R%) ŠĢ266.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€general€satisfaction€at€the€way€in€which€the€ConventionŠ Ō+$'+ Šwas€being€implemented€in€the€United€Kingdom€dependent€territories€and€Ō_ŌfocusedŌ_Ō€their€attention€onŠ ½, (, Šcertain€points€which€needed€clarification.Š ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ō‡267.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€information€was€requested€on€proceduresŠ ° Šconcerning€custody€and€preventive€detention€and,€in€particular,€their€legal€duration,€especially€inŠ ™é ŠGibraltar€where€there€was€a€heavy€inflow€of€immigrants€and€economic€refugees.€€It€was€also€askedŠ ‚Ņ Šwhether€the€dependent€territories€had€any€military€forces€and,€if€so,€whether€the€rules€relating€toŠ k» Špower€of€arrest,€interrogation€and€bringing€before€a€court€that€applied€to€the€civilian€police€forcesŠ T¤ Šalso€applied€to€military€forces.€€In€addition,€it€was€asked€how€soon€after€being€taken€into€custody€aŠ =  Šperson€was€brought€before€the€judge,€whether€legal€aid€was€available,€whether€a€person€could€beŠ & v Šheld€incommunicado€and€whether€persons€on€remand€were€segregated€from€convicted€prisoners.Š  _ ŠĢ268.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€how€the€extradition€laws€of€theŠ į 1  ŠUnited€Kingdom€came€into€play€in€connection€with€expulsion€or€return€(refoulement).Š Ź   ŠĢ269.€€In€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€some€clarifications€were€requested€about€theŠ œģ  Štext€of€provisions€relevant€to€its€implementation€which€were€contained€in€section€134€of€the€CriminalŠ …Õ  ŠJustice€Act€1988.€€It€was€also€observed€that€some€of€the€dependent€territories€were€relatively€closeŠ n¾  Što€places€where€torture€was€known€to€be€practised€and€that€it€was€likely€that€torturers€fled€there.€€InŠ W§  Šthat€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€information€was€available€concerning€the€arrest€andŠ @ Šarrangement€of€such€individuals€or€their€extradition€to€non„Commonwealth€countries.Š )y ŠĢ270.€€With€reference€to€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toŠ ūK Šhave€further€assurance€that€the€rules€governing€their€implementation€in€the€dependent€territoriesŠ ä4 Šwere€applied€to€all€States€parties€to€the€Convention,€whether€or€not€they€had€signed€an€extraditionŠ Ķ Štreaty€or€a€treaty€on€mutual€judicial€assistance€with€the€United€Kingdom.€€Additional€informationŠ ¶ Šon€the€scope€of€mutual€judicial€assistance€was€also€requested€and€it€was€recalled€that€such€assistanceŠ Ÿļ Šshould,€according€to€the€Convention,€extend€beyond€the€process€of€extradition.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ271.€€With€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€howŠ ZŖ Šeducation€and€information€on€the€question€of€torture€were€imparted€to€police€officers€and€prison€staffŠ C“ Šin€the€dependent€territories.€€It€was€stressed€that€postgraduate€training€for€doctors€and€other€healthŠ ,| Šprofessionals,€with€emphasis€on€diagnosis€and€rehabilitation,€and€training€for€border€police€in€theŠ e Šidentification€of€victims€of€torture,€were€particularly€important.Š žN ŠĢ272.€€In€connection€with€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€there€had€beenŠ Š!   Šany€recent€cases€of€torture€in€any€of€the€dependent€territories,€and€whether€bodies€analogous€toŠ ¹" ! ŠGibraltarššs€Police€Complaints€Board€existed€in€any€of€the€other€dependent€territories.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ273.€€Referring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whetherŠ t%Ä $ Šthere€were€criminal€injuries€compensation€schemes€in€the€dependent€territories€and€whether€theŠ ]&­!% Šprinciple€of€vicarious€liability€of€the€State€applied€with€regard€to€compensation.Š F'–"& ŠĢ274.€€In€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that,€according€to€the€part€of€theŠ )h$( Šreport€on€the€Cayman€Islands,€answers€to€questions€by€the€police€š šmay€be€inadmissible€in€evidenceššŠ *Q%) Šif€the€Judgesšš€Rules€were€disobeyed.€€It€was€observed€that€those€Rules€provided€that€answers€toŠ ź*:&* Šquestions€must€be€obtained€voluntarily€and€not€under€duress€and€therefore€a€more€categoricalŠ Ó+#'+ Šstatement€of€inadmissibility€seemed€to€be€necessary.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š275.€€With€regard€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€corporal€punishment€wasŠ ° Šresorted€to€under€any€circumstances,€either€as€part€of€a€sentence€or€as€a€disciplinary€measure.Š ™é ŠĢ276.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€referring€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,Š k» Šindicated€that€in€the€United€Kingdom€dependent€territories€a€person€could€be€arrested€and€detainedŠ T¤ Šonly€if€he€was€legitimately€suspected€of€having€committed€a€criminal€offence€or€for€purposes€ofŠ =  Šextradition.€€Detention€incommunicado€was€authorized€only€in€very€special€circumstances€and€forŠ & v Ša€very€limited€time.€€The€time€that€elapsed€between€a€personššs€arrest€and€his€being€brought€beforeŠ  _ Ša€court€varied,€but€in€practice€the€maximum€time€was€in€general€48€hours.€€In€certain€territoriesŠ ų H Šprison€regulations€required€the€separation€of€pre„trial€detainees€from€those€who€had€been€sentenced,Š į 1  Šwhereas€in€others,€the€smaller€ones,€separation€was€not€possible€because€of€size€limitations.€€Equally,Š Ź   Šthe€Constitutions€of€certain€territories€provided€that€anyone€who€was€charged€with€an€offence€couldŠ ³  Šhave€himself€represented€by€a€lawyer€at€State€expense,€but€even€in€the€absence€of€a€provision€of€thatŠ œģ  Škind,€the€defence€of€the€accused€was€paid€for€by€the€State€in€the€event€of€a€serious€offence.€€As€forŠ …Õ  Šthe€power€granted€to€the€military,€he€explained€that€most€of€the€territories€did€not€have€any€armedŠ n¾  Šforces.€€Where€armed€forces€were€maintained€they€had€no€police€powers€or€power€of€arrest€save€inŠ W§  Švery€exceptional€circumstances.€€In€such€cases€all€the€rules€concerning€arrest€and€questioning€wereŠ @ Šapplicable€to€the€military.Š )y ŠĢ277.€€With€reference€to€articles€8€and€9€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€a€personŠ ūK Šcould€be€extradited€if€the€offence€for€which€he€was€sought€was€an€act€of€torture€prohibited€by€law,Š ä4 Šin€accordance€with€United€Kingdom€legislation.€€In€addition,€most€of€the€territories€intended€to€adoptŠ Ķ Šlegislation€based€on€criminal€legislation€in€force€in€the€United€Kingdom€which€established€extensiveŠ ¶ Šmachinery€for€international€cooperation€in€criminal€cases.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ278.€€With€regard€to€article€10€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€medical€personnelŠ qĮ Šand€police€officials€in€the€dependent€territories€were€trained€in€prohibition€against€torture€inŠ ZŖ Šaccordance€with€international€standards€on€the€subject.€€The€texts€of€the€rules€applicable€in€humanŠ C“ Šrights€matters€were€disseminated€and€available€in€all€medical€centres€and€police€stations.Š ,| ŠĢ279.€€In€respect€of€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€no€case€of€torture€hadŠ žN Šbeen€reported€in€the€dependent€territories€since€well€before€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention.Š ē 7 ŠĢ280.€€Referring€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€that€virtually€allŠ ¹" ! Šterritories€had€legislation€equivalent€to€the€Crown€Proceedings€Act€of€1946,€under€which€an€actionŠ ¢#ņ" Šcould€be€brought€against€a€Government€that€was€supposed€to€be€responsible€for€the€acts€of€its€agents.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠIn€addition,€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€or€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€made€it€possible€to€orderŠ t%Ä $ Šan€individual€to€pay€compensation€to€his€victim.€€Criminal€courts€could,€therefore,€sentence€theŠ ]&­!% Šguilty€party€to€imprisonment€and€also€order€him€to€compensate€the€victim.€€A€civil€court€in€whichŠ F'–"& Šthe€victim€had€brought€an€action€to€obtain€redress€for€any€wrong€suffered€would€take€into€accountŠ /(#' Šthe€fact€that€part€of€that€wrong€had€already€been€compensated€under€the€criminal€procedure.Š )h$( ŠĢ281.€€In€connection€with€article€15€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€clarified€that,€if€it€wasŠ ź*:&* Šalleged€that€confessions€had€been€obtained€or€could€have€been€obtained€under€duress,€the€court€wasŠ Ó+#'+ Šrequired€to€declare€them€inadmissible€unless€the€prosecution€was€able€to€prove€that€that€had€not€beenŠ ¼, (, Šthe€case.€€The€court€has€no€discretion€to€admit€an€involuntary€confession.€€The€court€does,€Ō_Ōhowever,Š „-õ(- Šhave€discretion€in€cases€where€confessions€have€been€obtained€voluntarily€but€not€in€conformityŠ ° Šwith€the€law.Š ™é ŠĢ282.€€Turning€to€article€16€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€corporal€punishmentŠ k» Šexisted€in€certain€territories.€€It€was€imposed€as€a€disciplinary€measure€for€detainees€and€was€alsoŠ T¤ Špractised€in€the€schools.€€The€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€deplored€the€maintenance€ofŠ =  Šcorporal€punishment€and€had€urged€the€territories€to€abolish€it.€€Some€had€done€so€whereas€othersŠ & v Šhad€not.€€It€was€difficult€for€the€United€Kingdom€to€bring€pressure€to€bear€in€that€matter,€since€it€wasŠ  _ Šwithin€the€competence€of€the€territories€themselves.Š ų H ŠĢņņConclusions€and€recommendationsóóŠ Ź   ŠĢ283.€€The€comprehensive€report€on€the€dependent€territories€of€the€United€Kingdom€was€receivedŠ œģ  Šwith€pleasure€by€the€Committee,€particularly€as€no€cases€of€torture€were€noted€to€have€occurred€inŠ …Õ  Šthe€territories€during€the€period€reviewed.€€The€territories€appeared€to€be€governed€in€accordanceŠ n¾  Šwith€the€obligations€in€the€Convention€and€the€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€of€theŠ W§  ŠUnited€Kingdom€in€this€respect.€€The€Committee€was,€however,€interested€in€receiving€more€detailŠ @ Špertaining€to€cases€of€corporal€punishment€in€the€territories€retaining€it.€€The€nature€and€incidenceŠ )y Šof€such€punishment,€together€with€details€of€the€crime€and€the€characteristics€of€the€offender,€shouldŠ b Šbe€forwarded€to€the€Committee€when€the€information€is€gathered.€€The€Committee€also€lookedŠ ūK Šforward€to€receiving€the€other€information€that€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€agreed€toŠ ä4 Šforward€to€it.ą ` ąŠ Ķ ŠĢ€€Š Ÿļ ŠĢ€ĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢņ ņCAT€€A/51/44€(1996)ó óŠ ź*:&* ŠĢ58.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€Government€of€the€UnitedŠ ½, (, ŠKingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€and€on€the€United€Kingdom€and€its€dependentŠ ¦-ö(- ŠTerritories€(CAT/C/25/Add.6)€at€its€234ņņthóó€and€235ņņthóó€meetings,€on€17€November€1995Š ° Š(CAT/C/SR.234€and€235),€and€has€adopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations:Š ™é ŠĢ1.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ k» ŠĢ59.€€The€Committee€thanked€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€for€its€comprehensive€report,Š =  Šwell-supported€by€annexed€material.€€The€Committee€also€wishes€to€acknowledge€the€breadth€of€theŠ & v ŠUnited€Kingdom€representatives€and€the€way€in€which€they€encouraged€a€full€and€open€dialogueŠ  _ Šbetween€themselves€and€the€Committee.Š ų H ŠĢ2.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ Ź   ŠĢ60.€€The€Committee€is€pleased€to€acknowledge€the€following€positive€aspects:Š œģ  ŠĢą  ą(a)€€An€in-country€right€of€appeal€for€all€refused€asylum-seekers;Š n¾  ŠĢą0  ą(b)€€The€use€of€tape€recording€for€all€interrogations€by€the€police€in€England€and€Wales,Š @ Šmany€interrogations€in€Scotland,€and€for€non-terrorist-related€interrogations€in€NorthernŠ )y ŠIreland;Šb(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(c)€€The€introduction€of€Codes€of€Practice€applied€to€the€interrogations€of€detainees€inŠ ä4 Šrelation€to€terrorist€activities€in€Northern€Ireland;ŠĶ(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(d)€€The€appointment€of€an€Independent€Commissioner€for€Holding€(Detention)€€Centres€forŠ Ÿļ ŠNorthern€Ireland;ŠˆŲ(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(e)€€The€appointment€of€an€Independent€Ō_ŌAccusorŌ_Ō€of€Military€Complaints€procedures€inŠ ZŖ ŠNorthern€Ireland;ŠC“(#(# ŠĢą  ą(f)€€The€renewal€of€the€prison€infrastructure€throughout€the€United€Kingdom;Š e ŠĢą0  ą(g)€€The€noticeable€reduction€of€the€level€of€violence€of€detainees€in€detention€centres€ofŠ ē 7 ŠNorthern€Ireland;ŠŠ!  (#(# ŠĢą0  ą(h)€€The€creation€of€an€Independent€Complaints€Council€to€deal€with€complaints€against€theŠ ¢#ņ" Špolice€in€Hong€Kong;Š‹$Ū#(#(# ŠĢą  ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€€The€emphasis€placed€on€education€and€training€of€police,€prison€and€immigrationŠ ]&­!% Šofficers;Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ą(j)€€The€appointment€of€a€Prisons€Ombudsman€in€1994;Š )h$( ŠĢą0  ą(k)€€The€present€practice€of€permitting€detainees€in€Northern€Ireland,€in€respect€ofŠ ź*:&* Šterrorist-related€offences,€to€consult€in€private€counsel€which€is€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ Ó+#'+ Šas€a€shift€in€the€right€direction;м, (,(#(# ŠŠ „-õ(- ŠŌ_Ōą0  ą(l)€€The€Committee€notes€that€new€Prison€Rules€have€been€drafted€for€Montserrat€and€thatŠ ° Šthey€will€likely€be€enacted€within€a€few€months;Š™é(#(# ŠĢą  ą(m)€€The€new€suicide-prevention€processes€in€the€prison€system;Š k» ŠĢą0  ą(n)€€The€Committee€notes€with€pleasure€that€no€case€of€torture€appears€to€have€come€to€lightŠ =  Šin€the€dependent€Territories.Š& v(#(# ŠĢ3.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€ConventionóóŠ ų H ŠĢ61.€€In€Northern€Ireland€the€maintenance€of€the€emergency€legislation€and€of€separate€detention€orŠ Ź   Šholding€centres€will€inevitably€continue€to€create€conditions€leading€to€breach€of€the€Convention.€Š ³  ŠThis€is€particularly€so€because€at€present€the€practice€of€permitting€legal€counsel€to€consult€with€theirŠ œģ  Šclients€at€their€interrogations€is€not€yet€permitted.Š …Õ  ŠĢ62.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€invocation€of€the€Convention€by€individuals€is€not€possible€sinceŠ W§  Šthe€United€Kingdom€has€not€declared€in€favour€of€article€22€of€the€Convention.€€This€appearsŠ @ Šunusual€given€that€the€United€Kingdom€has€acceded€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€European€CommissionŠ )y Šof€Human€Rights.Š b ŠĢ63.€€In€Hong€Kong€the€warehousing€of€Vietnamese€boat€people€in€large€detention€centres€may€bringŠ ä4 Šthe€Government€into€conflict€with€article€16€of€the€Convention.Š Ķ ŠĢ4.€€ņņSubjects€of€concernóóŠ Ÿļ ŠĢ64.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€following:Š qĮ ŠĢą0  ą(a)€€The€practice€of€vigorous€interrogation€of€detainees€under€the€emergency€powers,€whichŠ C“ Šmay€sometimes€breach€the€Convention;Š,|(#(# ŠĢą  ą(b)€€The€method€adopted€in€forcibly€returning€persons€under€deportation€orders;Š žN ŠĢą  ą(c)€€The€rate€of€suicide€in€prisons€and€places€of€detention;Š Š!   ŠĢą  ą(d)€€The€renewal€of€emergency€powers€relating€to€Northern€Ireland;Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢą0  ą(e)€€The€practice€of€the€refoulement€of€asylum-seekers€in€circumstances€that€may€breachŠ t%Ä $ Šarticle€3€of€the€Convention;Š]&­!%(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(f)€€The€practice€of€the€army€in€Northern€Ireland€of€dispersing,€with€plastic€bullets,€whatŠ /(#' Šhave€been€described€by€non-governmental€organizations€as€peaceful€demonstrations;€Š)h$((#(# ŠĢą0  ą(g)€€The€failure€of€the€United€Kingdom€to€declare€in€favour€of€article€22€both€for€itself€andŠ ź*:&* Šits€overseas€dependencies;ŠÓ+#'+(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(h)€€The€failure€to€provide€for€counsel€to€be€present€during€interrogation€in€Northern€Ō_ŌIrelandŠ „-õ(- Šfor€terrorist-related€offences;а(#(# ŠĢą  ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€€The€standards€of€detention€of€the€Vietnamese€boat€people€in€Hong€Kong;Š ‚Ņ ŠĢą0  ą(j)€€The€allegations€of€discrimination€in€the€treatment€of€Black€citizens€in€the€UnitedŠ T¤ ŠKingdom€by€police€and€immigration€authorities.Š= (#(# ŠĢ5.€€ņņRecommendationsóóŠ  _ ŠĢ65.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€take€the€followingŠ į 1  Šmeasures:Š Ź   ŠĢą0  ą(a)€€Abolishing€detention€centres€in€Northern€Ireland€and€the€repealing€the€emergencyŠ œģ  Šlegislation;Š…Õ (#(# ŠĢą0  ą(b)€€Reviewing€of€practices€related€to€deportation€or€ņņŌ_ŌrefoulementŌ_Ō€óówhere€such€practices€mayŠ W§  Šconflict€with€the€State€party's€obligations€under€article€3€of€the€Convention;Š@(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(c)€€Re-educating€and€retraining€police€officers,€particularly€investigating€police€officers,€inŠ b ŠNorthern€Ireland€as€a€further€step€in€the€peace€process;ŠūK(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(d)€€Training€immigration€officers€on€how€to€manage€violent€prisoners€with€a€minimum€atŠ Ķ Šrisk€of€harm€to€all€those€involved;ж(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(e)€€Extending€the€taping€of€interrogations€to€all€cases€and€not€merely€those€that€do€notŠ ˆŲ Šinvolve€terrorist-related€activities€and€in€any€event€to€permit€lawyers€to€be€present€atŠ qĮ Šinterrogations€in€all€cases;ŠZŖ(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(f)€€Declaring€in€favour€of€article€22€of€the€Convention€and€specifically€on€behalf€of€HongŠ ,| ŠKong€and€the€other€United€Kingdom€dependent€Territories;Še(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(g)€€Given€the€need€for€prisons,€continuing€the€present€policy€of€rebuilding€in€accordanceŠ ē 7 Šwith€the€most€modern€standards;ŠŠ!  (#(# ŠĢą0  ą(h)€€Reviewing€the€policies€favouring€private€policing€with€a€view€to€properly€regulating€thatŠ ¢#ņ" Šactivity;Š‹$Ū#(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€€Reconsidering€corporal€punishment€with€a€view€to€determining€if€it€should€be€abolishedŠ ]&­!% Šin€those€dependencies€that€still€retain€it.ŠF'–"&(#(# ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢŠ „-õ(- Šņ ņCAT€A/54/44€Ō_Ō(1999)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢ72.€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andŠ ƒÓ ŠNorthern€Ireland€and€Dependent€Territories€(CAT/C/44/Add.1)€at€its€354th,€355th€and€360thŠ l¼ Šmeetings,€held€on€16€and€19€November€1998€(CAT/C/SR.354,€355€and€360)€and€has€adopted€theŠ U„ Šfollowing€conclusions€and€recommendations:€Š > Ž ŠĢņņ1.€Introduction€óóŠ  ` ŠĢ73.€The€third€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€was€dueŠ ā 2  Šon€6€January€1998€and€was€received€on€2€April€1998.€In€every€respect€it€conformed€to€the€guidelinesŠ Ė   Šof€the€Committee€pertaining€to€the€preparation€of€such€periodic€reports.€In€particular€the€CommitteeŠ “  Šfound€it€helpful€to€have€its€recommendations€from€the€examination€of€the€second€periodic€reportŠ ķ  Šsummarized€at€the€outset€together€with€a€short€statement€concerning€the€action€the€State€party€hadŠ †Ö  Štaken€in€that€respect.€Š oæ  ŠĢņņ2.€Positive€aspects€óóŠ A‘ ŠĢ74.€(a)€The€enactment€of€the€Human€Rights€Act,€1998;€Š c ŠĢ(b)€The€enactment€of€the€Immigration€Commission€Act,€1998;€Š å5 ŠĢ(c)€The€"Peace€Process"€in€Northern€Ireland,€pursuant€to€the€Good€Friday€Agreement;€Š · ŠĢ(d)€The€removal€of€corporal€punishment€as€a€penalty€in€several€of€the€Dependent€Territories.€Š ‰Ł ŠĢņņ3.€Factors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€óóŠ [« ŠĢ75.€The€continuation€of€the€state€of€emergency€in€Northern€Ireland,€noting€that€no€exceptionalŠ -} Šcircumstances€can€ever€provide€a€justification€for€failure€to€comply€with€the€Convention.€Š f ŠĢņņ4.€Subjects€of€concern€óóŠ č 8 ŠĢ76.€(a)€The€number€of€deaths€in€police€custody€and€the€apparent€failure€of€the€State€party€to€provideŠ ŗ" ! Šan€effective€investigative€mechanism€to€deal€with€allegations€of€police€and€prison€authorities'€abuse,Š £#ó" Šas€required€by€article€12€of€the€Convention,€and€to€report€publicly€in€a€timely€manner;€Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ(b)€The€use€of€prisons€as€places€in€which€to€house€refugee€claimants;€Š ^&®!% ŠĢ(c)€The€retention€of€detention€centres€in€Northern€Ireland,€particularly€Castlereagh€Detention€Centre;€Š 0(€#' ŠĢ(d)€The€rules€of€evidence€in€Northern€Ireland€that€admit€confessions€of€suspected€terrorists€upon€aŠ *R%) Šlower€test€than€in€ordinary€cases€and€in€any€event€permits€the€admission€of€derivative€evidence€evenŠ ė*;&* Šif€the€confession€is€excluded;€Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ(e)€Sections€134€(4)€and€(5)€(b)€(iii)€of€the€Criminal€Justice€Act€1988,€appear€to€be€in€direct€conflictŠ ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ōwith€article€2€of€the€Convention;€Š ° ŠĢ(f)€Sections€1€and€14€of€the€State€Immunity€Act,€1978,€seem€to€be€in€direct€conflict€with€theŠ ‚Ņ Šobligations€undertaken€by€the€State€party€pursuant€to€articles€4,€5,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention;€Š k» ŠĢ(g)€The€continued€use€of€plastic€bullet€rounds€as€a€means€of€riot€control;€Š =  ŠĢ(h)€The€dramatic€increase€in€the€number€of€inmates€held€in€prisons€in€England€and€Wales€over€theŠ  _ Šlast€three€years.€Š ų H ŠĢņņ5.€Recommendations€óóŠ Ź   ŠĢ77.€(a)€The€closure€of€detention€centres,€particularly€Castlereagh,€at€the€earliest€opportunity;€Š œģ  ŠĢ(b)€The€reform€of€the€State€Immunity€Act,€1978,€to€ensure€that€its€provisions€conform€to€theŠ n¾  Šobligations€contained€in€the€Convention;€Š W§  ŠĢ(c)€The€reform€of€sections€134€(4)€and€5€(b)€(iii)€of€the€Criminal€Justice€Act,€1988,€to€bring€them€intoŠ )y Šconformity€with€the€obligations€contained€in€article€2€of€the€Convention;€Š b ŠĢ(d)€The€abolition€of€the€use€of€plastic€bullet€rounds€as€a€means€of€riot€control;€Š ä4 ŠĢ(e)€Reconstruction€of€the€Royal€Ulster€Constabulary€so€that€it€more€closely€represents€the€culturalŠ ¶ Šrealities€of€Northern€Ireland.€This€should€continue€to€be€associated€with€an€extensive€programmeŠ Ÿļ Šof€re-education€for€members€of€the€Royal€Ulster€Constabulary€directed€at€the€objectives€of€the€PeaceŠ ˆŲ ŠAccord€and€the€best€methods€of€modern€police€practices;€Š qĮ ŠĢ(f)€The€Committee€finally€recommends€that€in€the€case€of€Senator€Pinochet€of€Chile,€the€matter€beŠ C“ Šreferred€to€the€office€of€the€public€prosecutor,€with€a€view€to€examining€the€feasibility€of€and€ifŠ ,| Šappropriate€initiating€criminal€proceedings€in€England,€in€the€event€that€the€decision€is€made€not€toŠ e Šextradite€him.€This€would€satisfy€the€State€party's€obligations€under€articles€4€to€7€of€the€ConventionŠ žN Šand€article€27€of€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties€of€1969.€Š ē 7 ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢ