’WPC6  œVj”"†a[Īg³ón© Ž_öÖhw] [LB`[ßg`kNłbę Ųģ(,€SY> šĀ7«Éŗæ~‹æ:ėxt-(-4¬’_y†ßåS…–':āEóõJ•Ń„ö÷^@@K—É”^ŹūčĖx?Gt^nŪó%!«…†ą÷ś5-Ā n*/¬Śčν>ld ČXµģ1Ķł]Ō ĻńĄx‡“̐igfE„€“ó¦ģ‚2ųÆĀQē²¶”øQyöeäaSŁmų„Ņ‘MnżšŠ“°ŻĶ§] ‚öž’ųf%ˆZGQī7ž Q:Kˆ‰‹ūxśT¾jå PSB/VÖń{],¬ čA·ˆ2 cÖ ü|-Ž5*Ų’üš—8™KRĘ@2XČ%ĘyĢ|Ÿ¢kņ§d§~ü„ *^Ö, üĄ>§aßkQxŚ1ĀŁ›Į “,5žŃ‰" ć““:S„"x»ųA 5ö'lBš×k¤¹µė…%Š’tČbģĪķAö,Å+Ē$4’+ž 2ŁēĢ2ćQ^Ϧ¾½Ė/n5ZįK^Mټa¬,Įœ#Ś ¼-äśµ/z#ü—’8`„ķ0O™|!:ß+ńŻ-b=ś=…æK¬c¬N™…j_#É2UNū %I 0:O ^ ‰ w• 4™ ­ ¼ m¾ NÕ × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 0œß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß ß B{ A«˜ ˜ ˜ D-C Ęp ˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnŅV,,,,ŅV0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,Ōd¼z/— ½”u/ œk1žŸ3|xH’U‹’ĄĄĄ <00’’:footnote texŃ  ŃŌ UK ŌŌ‡XXXŌŌ US ŌŃ  ŃŌ‡XXXŌ d^]&Draw Object °°=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKK)!ČČČČdxdx€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Ż ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€¼v$»XXŌÓ  Óņ ņUNITED€KINGDOM€OF€GREAT€BRITAIN€AND€NORTHERN€IRELANDó óŠ ° ŠŌ€X"X»¼v$ŌÓ  ÓĢņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€26ņņthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óŠ Ŗś ŠĢ28.€€From€its€56ņņthóó€to€its€58ņņthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asŠ }Ķ Ša€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theŠ f ¶ Šindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€š šsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orŠ O Ÿ Šmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€š šunsatisfactoryšš€or€š šincompletešš€andŠ 8 ˆ Štherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryŠ ! q Šreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereŠ  Z  Šthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyššs€report€(or€reports)€was€š šsatisfactoryššŠ ó C  Šor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateŠ Ü,  ŠParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Š Å  ŠĢ29.€€The€Committee€expressed€itself€as€satisfied€with€the€completeness€of€the€reports€submitted€byŠ —ē  Šthe€following€15€States€Parties,€from€which€no€additional€information€was€requested:€...€UnitedŠ €Š  ŠKingdom€...Š i¹ ŠŠ  R¢ ŠŌ_Ōņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€28ņņTHóó€€No.€€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ290.€€The€initial€report€of€the€United€Kingdom,€submitted€on€14€April€1970,€was€considered€by€theŠ ƒÓ ŠCommittee€at€its€third€session€and€found€satisfactory.€€The€second€periodic€report,€submitted€on€10Š l¼ ŠAugust€1972,€was€considered€at€the€eighth€session€(156ņņthóó€to€158ņņthóó€meetings).Š U„ ŠĢ291.€€Several€members€expressed€satisfaction€with€the€following€features€of€the€report€underŠ ' w Šconsideration:€it€provided€information€relevant€to€all€articles€of€part€I€of€the€Convention;€it€providedŠ  ` Šinformation€not€only€on€legislative€measures€but€also€on€judicial,€administrative€and€other€measures;Š ł I Šit€provided€information€not€only€on€the€territory€of€the€United€Kingdom€itself€but€also€on€dependentŠ ā 2  ŠTerritories;€it€provided€specific€references€to€specific€legislative€provisions;€and€the€extensiveŠ Ė   Šinformation€it€contained€was€organized€in€conformity€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€theŠ “  ŠCommittee.€€Some€members€described€the€document€under€consideration€as€a€model€report.€€SpecialŠ ķ  Šnote€was€taken€of€the€fact€that€the€report€furnished€details€illustrating€the€problems€encounteredŠ †Ö  Šwhen€a€Government€attempted€to€apply€the€provisions€of€the€Convention;€of€the€range€of€techniquesŠ oæ  Šemployed€by€the€United€Kingdom€Government€to€ensure€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€ofŠ XØ  Šarticles€5,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention;€and€of€the€emphasis€laid€on€conciliation,€with€recourse€onlyŠ A‘ Šin€the€last€resort€to€the€courts.Š *z ŠĢ292.€€Some€members€doubted€that€the€reporting€State€had€fully€satisfied€the€requirement€of€articleŠ üL Š3€of€the€Convention€that€š šStates€parties€particularly€condemn€racial€segregation€and€ņņapartheidóóšš.€Š å5 ŠSeveral€members€expressed€the€opinion€that€the€obligations€of€State€parties€under€article€4,Š Ī Šparagraphs€(a)€and€(b),€of€the€Convention,€were€only€partly€fulfilled€by€the€reporting€State€„Š · Šinasmuch€as€some€obligations€(including€the€obligations€to€declare€an€offence€punishable€by€law€š šallŠ  š Šdissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatredšš,€š šincitement€to€racial€discriminationšš,Š ‰Ł Šand€š šthe€provision€of€any€assistance€to€racist€activities,€including€the€financing€thereofšš,€and€toŠ rĀ Šdeclare€illegal€and€prohibit€organizations€š šwhich€promote€and€incite€racial€discriminationšš)€wereŠ [« Šeither€not€fully€discharged€or€not€discharged€at€all€by€the€relevant€legislation.€In€this€connection,Š D” Šsome€members€doubted€that€the€reservation€relating€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€which€was€madeŠ -} Šby€the€United€Kingdom€Government€upon€signing€the€Convention€and€reaffirmed€upon€ratification,Š f Šjustified€the€restricted€application€of€that€article€in€United€Kingdom€legislation.€€Similarly,€someŠ ’O Šmembers€held€the€view€that€neither€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€nor€article€5€of€theŠ č 8 ŠConvention€„€which€were€cited€in€the€report€in€explanation€of€the€restricted€application€of€theŠ Ń!!  Šprovisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€„€in€fact€justified€that€restricted€application.€€Some€membersŠ ŗ" ! Šexpressed€the€opinion€that€the€reporting€Stateššs€compliance€with€article€5€of€the€Convention€wasŠ £#ó" Švitiated€by€some€of€the€exceptions€to€the€application€of€the€general€principle€of€non„discrimination,Š Œ$Ü# Šparticularly€those€provided€for€in€sections€7€(6),€8€(2),€8€(7)€and€8€(10)€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€ofŠ u%Å $ Š1968.€€Several€members€disagreed€with€the€assertion€made€in€the€report€that€š šit€[was]€inappropriateŠ ^&®!% Šfor€the€Committee€to€correspond€with€States€Parties€through€the€agency€of€any€other€bodyšš€in€orderŠ G'—"& Što€request€relevant€information€on€the€situation€in€their€dependent€Territories.€€While€welcoming€theŠ 0(€#' Šfact€that€the€United€Kingdom€Government€had€chosen€to€furnish,€in€the€report€it€submitted€inŠ )i$( Šaccordance€with€article€9€of€the€Convention,€information€on€Territories€to€which€article€15€of€theŠ *R%) ŠConvention€applied,€some€members€were€of€the€opinion€that€direct€communication€between€theŠ ė*;&* ŠCommittee€and€administering€Powers€was€precluded€by€the€terms€of€article€15,€which€made€noŠ Ō+$'+ Šdistinction€between€administering€Powers€which€were€Parties€to€the€Convention€and€those€whichŠ ½, (, Šwere€not.€€In€this€connection,€paragraph€6€of€the€š šStatement€of€the€Responsibilities€of€the€CommitteeŠ ¦-ö(- ŠUnder€Article€15€of€the€Conventionšš,€€ņņ20óó/€adopted€at€the€first€session€of€the€Committee,€wasŠ ° Šrecalled.€€Some€members€observed€that€the€report€under€consideration€furnished€no€information€onŠ ™é Šthe€status€of€the€relations€of€the€reporting€State€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southern€Africa.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ293.€€Some€members€asked€about€the€immigration€policies€and€laws€in€force,€and€inquired€whetherŠ T¤ Šaliens€who€did€not€come€from€the€Commonwealth€were€considered€as€immigrants€and€what€wereŠ =  Štheir€rights€and€obligations.€€Some€members€asked€whether€there€had€been€any€cases€under€the€RaceŠ & v ŠRelations€Act€or€other€criminal€laws€dealing€with€incitement€to€racial€hatred,€and€whether€any€stepsŠ  _ Šhad€been€taken€or€whether€any€were€contemplated€„€to€ban€or€punish€organizations€which€advocatedŠ ų H Ša€policy€of€racial€discrimination€and€tended€to€incite€racial€hatred.€€In€this€connection,€specificŠ į 1  Šreferences€were€made€to€the€phenomenon€known€as€Ō_ŌPowellismŌ_Ō.€Š Ź   ŠĢ294.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€assured€the€Committee€that€the€comments€andŠ œģ  Šrequests€of€its€members€would€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€his€countryššs€authorities.€€The€viewsŠ …Õ  Šexpressed€during€the€debate€on€the€scope€and€application€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€would€beŠ n¾  Šfully€taken€into€account€by€the€United€Kingdom€Government€in€preparing€its€reply€to€the€requestŠ W§  Štransmitted€to€it€by€the€Secretary„General€in€pursuance€of€the€decision€adopted€by€the€CommitteeŠ @ Šat€the€seventh€session.€€ņņ21óó/€Referring€to€the€exceptions€specified€in€the€relevant€sections€of€the€RaceŠ )y ŠRelations€Act€of€1968,€and€the€doubts€that€those€exceptions€were€compatible€with€article€5€of€theŠ b ŠConvention,€he€spoke€of€the€practical€aspects€of€promoting€racial€harmony€and€expressed€the€viewŠ ūK Šthat€impeccable€legislation€might€well€be€unenforceable€and€that€legislation€which€fully€conformedŠ ä4 Šwith€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€might€be€politically€impossible€to€achieve.€Referring€to€theŠ Ķ Šdiscussion€on€the€manner€in€which€information€on€dependent€Territories€of€State€parties€should€beŠ ¶ Šsought,€he€emphasized€that,€since€the€United€Kingdom€had€ratified€the€Convention€on€behalf€of€itsŠ Ÿļ Šdependent€Territories,€it€was€š šmore€appropriatešš€for€the€information€in€question€to€be€sought€fromŠ ˆŲ Šhis€Government€directly€rather€than€through€an€intermediary.€€With€respect€to€immigration€policiesŠ qĮ Šand€laws,€he€referred€to€the€Immigration€Act€of€1971,€which€defined€categories€of€persons€havingŠ ZŖ Šthe€right€to€reside€in€the€United€Kingdom;€all€other€persons€wishing€to€enter€the€country€were€subjectŠ C“ Što€regulations.€€The€question€of€banning€or€penalizing€organizations€that€preached€racialŠ ,| Šdiscrimination€was€determined€by€section€6€and€7€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€of€1965.€€OrganizationsŠ e Šor€individuals€who€engaged€in€acts€that€contravened€the€provisions€of€those€sections€were€prosecutedŠ žN Šby€the€authorities;€no€such€action€had€been€taken€in€the€case€of€Mr.€€Powell,€but€proceedings€hadŠ ē 7 Šbeen€brought€under€section€6€of€that€Act€in€15€cases.€Regarding€the€question€of€the€status€of€hisŠ Š!   Šcountryššs€relations€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southern€Africa,€he€recalled€that€article€9€of€theŠ ¹" ! ŠConvention,€did€not€provide€for€an€obligation€on€States€parties€to€include€such€information€in€theirŠ ¢#ņ" Šreports,€and€that€there€was€no€provision€in€the€Convention€for€imposing€new€obligations€on€States€Š ‹$Ū# Šparties.€€He€noted€that€it€was€clear€from€the€wording€of€general€recommendation€III€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_ŌŠ t%Ä $ Šunderstanding€was€fully€accepted€by€the€Committee.€€Recognizing€the€importance€which€theŠ ]&­!% ŠCommittee€attached€to€the€inclusion€of€such€information€in€reports€submitted€under€article€9€of€€theŠ F'–"& ŠConvention,€his€Government€had€given€the€question€careful€consideration,€but€had€concludedŠ /(#' Š___________Š )h$( Šņņą  ą20óó/ą0 ` ą[ņņOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Twenty„fifth€Session,€Supplement€no.Š *Q%) Š18óó],€A/8027,€annex€IV.Šź*:&*` (#` (# Šņņą  ą21óó/ą0 ` ąsee€chap.€€IV€above,€and€chap.€€X,.€€section€A,€decision€3€(VII)€below.ŠÓ+#'+` (#` (# ŠĢ€that€the€relations€of€States€parties€with€the€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€question€„€or€indeed€with€any€other€country€„Š „-õ(- Šwere€not€directly€relevant€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€had€decided€not€to€includeŠ ° Šsuch€information€in€its€reports.Š ™é ŠĢ295.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€satisfactory€and€expressed€the€hope€that€theŠ k» ŠGovernment€of€the€United€Kingdom€would€continue€to€co„operate€with€the€Committee€as€it€had€doneŠ T¤ Šin€the€past.Š  =  Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€30ņņTHóó€No.€€18€(A/10018)€(1975)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ136.€€Members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€the€information€contained€in€the€third€periodic€reportŠ l¼ Šof€the€United€Kingdom€and€its€voluminous€annexes€was€detailed€in€nature€and€comprehensive€inŠ U„ Šscope,€complying€with€all€the€requirements€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention;€furthermore,Š > Ž Šlike€the€preceding€reports€submitted€by€the€reporting€State,€the€report€under€consideration€wasŠ ' w Šorganized€in€accordance€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee€at€its€first€session.€€TheŠ  ` Šinformation€envisaged€by€the€Committee€in€its€general€recommendation€IV€was€supplied€in€detail.€Š ł I ŠIt€was€noted€also€that€the€report€maintained€a€dialogue€with€the€Committee,€responding€to€questionsŠ ā 2  Šand€commenting€on€observations€made€by€members€during€the€discussion€of€earlier€reports.€Š Ė   ŠMembers€of€the€Committee€took€note€of€the€fact€that,€in€the€report€under€consideration,€there€wasŠ “  Ša€balance€between€compliance€with€the€obligation€to€fight€against€racial€discrimination€andŠ ķ  Šfulfilment€of€the€obligation€to€promote€racial€tolerance€and€coexistence;€there€was€also€a€balanceŠ †Ö  Šbetween€the€public€and€private€agencies€entrusted€with€those€tasks.€€In€that€connection,€stress€wasŠ oæ  Šlaid€on€the€information€given€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention.€Finally,€theŠ XØ  Šreport€was€described€by€some€members€as€š šserious€and€frankšš€in€admitting€that€racial€discriminationŠ A‘ Šcontinued€to€exist€in€the€United€Kingdom€and€in€forwarding€a€large€number€of€legal€texts€adoptedŠ *z Što€eliminate€it.Š c ŠĢ137.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee,€however,€noted€with€regret€that€the€reporting€State€hadŠ å5 Šmaintained€its€policy€of€not€responding€to€the€Committeeššs€general€recommendation€III,€concerningŠ Ī Šinformation€on€relations€with€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō.Š · ŠĢ138.€€It€was€observed€that€the€information€contained€in€the€annexes€to€the€report€under€considerationŠ ‰Ł Šshowed€that€racial€discrimination€still€occurred€in€the€United€Kingdom,€that€the€number€ofŠ rĀ Šcomplaints€on€that€subject€„€which€were€concerned€largely€with€violations€of€the€right€to€work,€toŠ [« Šhousing,€to€housing,€to€health€services,€to€social€benefits€and€to€access€to€public€places€„€wasŠ D” Šincreasing€yearly,€and€that€many€of€those€complaints€turned€out€to€have€a€basis€in€fact;€and€it€wasŠ -} Šsuggested€that€the€reason€why,€despite€its€efforts€to€implement€the€Convention,€the€Government€ofŠ f Šthe€United€Kingdom€had€not€yet€achieved€the€desired€results€was€that€there€were€gaps€in€theŠ ’O Šadministrative€and€judicial€measures€needed€to€give€effect€to€a€body€of€legislation€which€wasŠ č 8 Šotherwise€satisfactory.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ139.€€It€was€observed€also€that€the€Race€Relations€Act€of€1968€provided€for€some€exceptions€fromŠ £#ó" Šits€basic€provisions,€some€of€which€were€temporary€and€had€been€abolished,€while€others€remainedŠ Œ$Ü# Šin€effect.€Some€members€recalled€that€the€Convention€prohibited€the€maintenance€of€such€exceptionsŠ u%Å $ Šand€expressed€the€hope€that,€in€the€review€of€the€policies€then€under€way,€the€United€KingdomŠ ^&®!% ŠGovernment€would€abolish€all€those€exceptions€and€would€so€inform€the€Committee€in€its€nextŠ G'—"& Šreport.Š 0(€#' ŠĢ140.€€It€was€further€observed€that€the€Race€Relations€Board€itself€had€concluded€that€its€competenceŠ *R%) Šand€role€were€limited€and€were€inadequate€to€eradicate€racial€discrimination,€and€had€made€someŠ ė*;&* Šrecommendations€for€reform;€and€the€hope€was€expressed€that€the€views€of€the€Board€would€beŠ Ō+$'+ Štaken€into€account€and€that€the€Government€would€provide€it€with€the€means€to€increase€itŠ ½, (, Šeffectiveness.Š ¦-ö(- Ї141.€€Concern€was€expressed€at€the€fact€that,€although€the€Race€Relations€Board€had€placedŠ ° Šcomplaints€in€connection€with€the€procedure€for€selection€of€members€of€working„menššs€clubs€andŠ ™é Šthe€admission€of€such€members€as€associates€to€other€affiliated€clubs€in€the€category€of€acts€ofŠ ‚Ņ Šdiscrimination€in€the€provision€of€services,€and€although€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€ruled€that€it€wasŠ k» Šillegal€to€deny€associates€admission€to€such€clubs€on€the€basis€of€colour,€the€House€of€Lords€hadŠ T¤ Šmore€recently€ruled€that€the€procedure€for€selection€of€members€to€those€clubs€was€not€covered€byŠ =  Šthe€Race€Relations€Act,€so€that,€unless€changes€were€made,€it€would€not€be€considered€an€offenceŠ & v Što€deny€certain€persons€admission€to€certain€clubs€on€the€basis€of€race€or€colour,€contrary€to€theŠ  _ Šrequirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€(f),€of€the€Convention.Š ų H Šą@ģģ*ģąˆĢ142.€€Comments€were€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€on€observations€occurring€in€the€reportsŠ Ź   Šof€the€Race€Relations€Board€and€the€Community€Relations€Commission€to€the€effect€that€there€wasŠ ³  Ša€lack€of€confidence€among€the€minority€groups€in€the€intentions€of€society€and€government,€as€aŠ œģ  Šresult€of€which€members€of€minority€groups€did€not€avail€themselves€more€fully€of€the€legal€andŠ …Õ  Šadministrative€remedies€provided€for€against€discriminatory€practices.€With€reference€to€theŠ n¾  ŠImmigration€Act€of€1971,€some€members€expressed€the€view€that€more€information€was€requiredŠ W§  Šon€United€Kingdom€immigration€policies€in€order€to€see€if€there€was€any€discrimination€that€fellŠ @ Šwithin€the€purview€of€the€Convention.€€The€question€was€also€asked€whether€there€was€anyŠ )y Šmachinery€for€ascertaining€the€views€of€representatives€of€minority€groups€regarding€theŠ b Šeffectiveness€of€the€United€Kingdom€Governmentššs€policies€to€combat€racial€discrimination€andŠ ūK Šwhether€any€steps€had€been€taken€to€consult€them€on€matters€affecting€their€interests.Š ä4 ŠĢ143.€€It€was€emphasized€that€additional€information€on€the€actual€social€and€economic€situation€ofŠ ¶ Šthe€minority€groups,€and€how€they€viewed€their€particular€situation€in€the€context€of€society€as€aŠ Ÿļ Šwhole,€would€be€welcomed.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ144.€€A€statement€contained€in€the€report€of€the€United€Kingdom,€to€the€effect€that€š šeach€State€PartyŠ ZŖ Što€the€Convention€retains€the€right€to€determine€what€further€measures€it€will€take€to€implementŠ C“ Šarticle€4",€was€the€subject€of€comments€by€all€members€of€the€Committee€who€participated€in€theŠ ,| Šdiscussion€„€most€of€whom€expressed€disagreement€with€that€statement.€€The€assertion€made€in€theŠ e Šreport,€that€š šno€objections€or€challenges€[had]€been€made€against€the€interpretative€statementšš€madeŠ žN Šby€the€United€Kingdom€when€it€signed€the€Convention,€and€reaffirmed€when€it€ratified€it,€wasŠ ē 7 Šconsidered€by€some€members€to€be€irrelevant,€in€as€much€as€both€the€United€Kingdom€GovernmentŠ Š!   Šand€the€Secretary„General€had€not€considered€that€interpretative€statement€to€be€a€reservation€underŠ ¹" ! Šarticle€20€of€the€Convention.€€Some€members€suggested€that€the€Committee€should€request€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠUnited€Kingdom€Government€to€furnish€it€with€an€official€statement€on€the€matter.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ145.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom,€in€several€statements€before€the€Committee,€madeŠ ]&­!% Šthe€following€observations:€(a)€With€regard€to€the€violations€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€and€theŠ F'–"& Šcomplaints€mentioned€in€the€reports€of€the€Race€Relations€Board,€he€said€that€the€situation€inŠ /(#' Šhousing€and€employment€in€the€United€Kingdom€had€improved€since€the€figures€referred€to€duringŠ )h$( Šthe€discussion€had€been€compiled.€(b)€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€his€Government€wasŠ *Q%) Šcurrently€engaged€in€a€review€of€race€relations€legislation,€including€the€powers€and€duties€of€theŠ ź*:&* Šagencies€concerned€with€its€enforcement;€that€the€views€and€suggestions€of€the€Race€RelationsŠ Ó+#'+ ŠBoard€had€a€prominent€place€in€that€review;€that€a€White€Paper€containing€proposals€forŠ ¼, (, Šstrengthening€legislation€would€be€introduced€into€Parliament€as€soon€as€possible€thereafter.€€(c)Š „-õ(- ŠWith€regard€to€membership€of€Ō_ŌworkingmenŌ_Ōššs€clubs,€he€stated€that€following€the€ruling€of€the€HouseŠ ° Šof€Lords,€the€Home€Secretary€had€announced€that€provisions€on€that€subject€would€be€included€inŠ ™é Šthe€proposed€amendments€to€the€legislation.€€(d)€He€assured€the€Committee€that€the€interest€it€hadŠ ‚Ņ Šshown€in€the€immigrant€policy€of€his€Government€would€be€reflected€in€its€next€report.€€(e)€WithŠ k» Šregard€to€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€his€Government€wasŠ T¤ Šwilling€to€submit€a€fuller€explanation€when€it€submitted€further€reports.Š =  ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąŠ  @ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/32/18€(1977)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ302.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€was€considered€together€with€theŠ l¼ Šintroductory€statement€made€before€the€Committee€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š U„ ŠĢ303.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€report€before€them€placed€the€Committee€in€aŠ ' w Šsomewhat€unusual€position.€€The€information€in€the€report€related€to€the€situation€which€hadŠ  ` Šobtained€in€the€two„year€period€from€April€1974€to€March€1976,€when€the€Race€Relation€Acts€ofŠ ł I Š1965€and€1968€were€still€in€force;€an€annex€to€the€report€comprised€a€White€Paper€entitled€š šRacialŠ ā 2  ŠDiscriminationšš,€submitted€to€Parliament€in€September€1975,€examining€the€short„comings€of€theŠ Ė   Šthen„existing€legislation€and€outlining€the€main€features€of€a€new€law€then€proposed;€the€new€RaceŠ “  ŠRelations€Act€1976,€which€had€come€into€force€in€June€1977,€was€not€supplied€to€the€Committee,Š ķ  Šon€the€ground€that€it€had€been€enacted€after€the€end€of€the€biennial€period€covered€by€the€report;€andŠ †Ö  Šthe€fifth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom,€which€would€report€on€the€new€law,€would€be€dueŠ oæ  Šduring€the€Committeeššs€next€(seventeenth)€session.€€Some€members€were€of€the€opinion€that,€underŠ XØ  Šthose€circumstances,€it€would€be€wise€for€the€Committee€to€defer€consideration€of€the€report€beforeŠ A‘ Šit€until€it€had€received€the€fifth€periodic€report.€€It€was€argued€that,€inasmuch€as€the€purpose€of€theŠ *z Šconsideration€of€reports€from€States€was€to€make€suggestions€and€general€recommendations,Š c Šconsideration€of€the€fourth€periodic€report€would€not€lead€to€relevant€results€since€the€legislativeŠ üL Šsituation€it€described€had€already€come€to€an€end,€while,€at€the€same€time,€the€law€currently€in€forceŠ å5 Šwas€not€available€to€the€Committee€for€consideration.€€On€the€other€hand,€it€was€pointed€out€that€theŠ Ī Šreporting€State€had€fulfilled€its€obligation€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€byŠ · Špresenting€„€albeit€belatedly€„€the€report€before€the€Committee,€and€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€report€containedŠ  š Šrelevant€information€on€dependent€territories€and€comments€on€observations€and€inquiries€made€byŠ ‰Ł Šmembers€of€the€Committee€at€previous€sessions.€€At€its€348ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€5€August€1977,€theŠ rĀ ŠCommittee€decided€to€proceed€with€its€consideration€of€the€introductory€part€of€the€report€(Part€A),Š [« Šthe€information€on€dependent€territories€(part€B)€and€replies€to€questions€raised€at€previous€sessionsŠ D” Š(annexes€I€and€II),€and€to€refer€to€the€White€Paper€(annex€III)€only€in€so€far€as€it€was€relevant€to€suchŠ -} Šdiscussion€„€with€the€understanding€that€the€information€in€the€White€Paper,€the€text€of€the€RaceŠ f ŠRelations€Act€1976,€and€the€assessment€of€whether€it€was€working€satisfactorily€would€beŠ ’O Šconsidered€when€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€was€before€the€Committee.€€ņņ14óó/€Š č 8 ŠIn€that€connection,€a€hope€was€expressed€that€the€United€Kingdom€would€submit€its€next€report€inŠ Ń!!  Štime€for€its€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€seventeenth€session€and€that€it€would€submit€alsoŠ ŗ" ! Šthe€text€of€the€new€law€on€nationality€and€citizenship€as€well€as€the€texts,€previously€requested,€ofŠ £#ó" Šthe€Immigration€Act€1971€and€the€Immigration€Rules.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢÓ  Ó304.€€Reference€was€made€to€the€comment€in€the€report€on€observations€made€at€a€previous€sessionŠ ^&®!% Šof€the€Committee€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€Although€the€reportŠ G'—"& Šstated€that€š šthe€United€Kingdomššs€interpretation€of€article€4€remains€the€same€as€set€out€inŠ 0(€#' Šparagraphs€22„23€of€the€Third€Biennial€Reportšš,€it€€was€noted€with€satisfaction€that€in€paragraph€126Š )i$( Šof€the€White€Paper€the€United€Kingdom€Government€had€indicated€that€it€would€ensure€that€it€€Š *R%) ŠÓ{eÓ____________Š ė*;&* Šņņą  ą14óó/€€€In€the€following€paragraphs,€only€those€opinions€and€observations€which€fell€within€theŠ Ō+$'+ Šframework€of€this€decision€are€reflected.Š ½, (, Šwould€no€longer€be€necessary€to€š šprove€a€subjective€intention€to€stir€up€racial€hatredšš.€€Furthermore,Š ¦-ö(- Šalthough€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State€continued€to€hesitate€to€extend€the€criminal€law€toŠ ° Šdeal€with€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€in€the€absence€of€a€likelihood€thatŠ ™é Šgroup€hatred€would€be€stirred€up€by€it,€it€had€come€to€recognize€that€strong€views€were€held€on€thisŠ ‚Ņ Šimportant€point€and€had€not€closed€the€door€to€possible€reconsideration€of€its€position€„€as€wasŠ k» Šindicated€in€paragraph€127€of€the€White€Paper.€The€information€in€the€annex€entitled€š šResults€ofŠ T¤ Šprosecutions€under€the€Race€Relations€Act€1965",€submitted€in€response€to€requests€made€by€someŠ =  Šmembers€of€the€Committee,€was€considered€insufficient€to€serve€the€purpose€for€which€it€had€beenŠ & v Šrequested€in€the€first€instance.€€Some€members€noted€with€concern€the€reports€of€the€strong€racistŠ  _ Šstatements€appearing€in€the€media€in€the€United€Kingdom€in€recent€years,€and€wished€to€knowŠ ų H Šwhether€action€was€being€taken€to€curb€the€racist€activities€of€such€organizations€as€the€NationalŠ į 1  ŠSocialist€Movement€and€the€National€Front.Š Ź   ŠĢ305.€€Some€members€asked€for€information€on€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€article€7€of€theŠ œģ  ŠConvention,€and€on€the€programmes€which€might€have€been€formulated€in€connection€with€theŠ …Õ  ŠDecade€for€Action€to€Combat€Racism€and€Racial€Discrimination.Š n¾  ŠĢ306.€€Part€B€of€the€report,€entitled€š šDependent€Territoriesšš,€was€found€to€be€perfunctory€andŠ @ Šuninformative€in€certain€sections.€€The€paragraph€on€Belize,€for€example,€referred€to€a€request€byŠ )y Šthe€Committee€for€information€on€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population€of€Belize€and€on€theŠ b Šeffects€of€the€influx€of€migrant€workers€on€social€relations,€and€simply€stated€in€reply€that€theŠ ūK ŠGovernment€of€Belize€had€reported€that€there€had€been€no€developments€of€note€during€the€periodŠ ä4 Šunder€review€and€that€they€had€nothing€to€add€since€the€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€ofŠ Ķ Šthe€United€Kingdom.€€The€paragraph€on€Solomon€Islands€referred€to€the€new€Constitution€of€thatŠ ¶ Šterritory€but€made€no€mention€of€the€provisions€relating€specifically€to€racial€discrimination.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ307.€It€was€noted€with€regret€that€the€information€envisaged€by€the€Committee€in€its€generalŠ qĮ Šrecommendation€III€and€decision€2€(XI),€concerning€relations€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southernŠ ZŖ ŠAfrica,€was€not€supplied€in€the€report.Š C“ ŠĢ308.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Government€wouldŠ e Šendeavour€to€submit€its€next€report€in€time€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€next€session,Š žN Šand€would€submit€also€the€texts€of€the€Acts€requested€by€the€Committee.€€However,€with€regard€toŠ ē 7 Šthe€request€for€the€texts€of€the€law€on€nationality€and€citizenship,€he€explained€that€his€GovernmentŠ Š!   Šhad€published€a€Green€Paper€on€that€subject€in€April€1977,€as€a€consultative€paper€to€be€studied€byŠ ¹" ! Šthose€concerned,€but€that€no€legislation€was€likely€for€at€least€two€to€three€years.€€In€connection€withŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€organizations€mentioned€by€some€members€of€the€Committee€and€described€as€racistŠ ‹$Ū# Šorganizations,€he€stated€that€they€had€no€significant€support;€they€existed€because€it€was€difficult€toŠ t%Ä $ Šreconcile€their€suppression€with€freedom€of€speech€and€democracy,€but€they€were€kept€under€closeŠ ]&­!% Šwatch.€€Information€on€United€Kingdom€programmes€relating€to€the€Decade€and€on€measures€takenŠ F'–"& Šin€accordance€with€article€7€of€the€Convention€would€be€provided€in€the€next€report,€which€wouldŠ /(#' Šalso€contain€more€information€on€dependent€territories.€€With€regard€to€providing€the€CommitteeŠ )h$( Šwith€information€on€relations€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southern€Africa,€he€recalled€hisŠ *Q%) ŠGovernmentššs€position€regarding€general€recommendation€III,€which€had€been€made€known€to€theŠ ź*:&* ŠCommittee€on€15€August€1973€„€namely,€that€his€Government€would€not€include€information€onŠ Ó+#'+ Šrelations€with€South€Africa€in€its€reports.Š  ¼, (, Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/33/18€(1978)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ332.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€and€the€voluminous€documentation€appendedŠ l¼ Što€it€were€considered€by€the€Committee€together€with€the€introductory€statement€of€theŠ U„ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State.Š > Ž ŠĢ333.€€Much€of€the€discussion€revolved€around€the€new€Race€Relations€Act,€which€came€into€forceŠ  ` Šon€13€June€1977.€€While€the€definition€of€racial€discrimination€under€that€Act€was€considered€to€beŠ ł I Šin€conformity€with€the€Convention,€the€exceptions€provided€for€in€the€Act€caused€concern€for€severalŠ ā 2  Šmembers€of€the€Committee.€€It€was€noted€that€some€of€those€exceptions€were€permitted€under€articleŠ Ė   Š1,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Convention,€and€that€some€others€were€based€on€objective€criteria€other€thanŠ “  Šš šrace,€colour,€descent,€€or€national€or€ethnic€originšš;€but€there€were€some€exceptions€which€wereŠ ķ  Šconsidered€by€members€of€the€Committee€to€be€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€Š †Ö  ŠThe€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom,€in€his€reply,€explained€the€rationale€for€most€of€theŠ oæ  Šexceptions€in€question.€€He€referred€to€some€of€them€as€having€been€promoted€by€š šcommon€senseššŠ XØ  Šand€said€that€some€had€been€promoted€by€the€desire€to€protect€privacy,€while€others€referred€toŠ A‘ Šdistinctions€based€on€citizenship€and€not€race.€€He€assured€the€Committee€that€if€it€was€found€thatŠ *z Šsome€of€the€exceptions€„€such€as€those€which€related€to€clubs€having€less€than€25€members€„€servedŠ c Što€foment€racial€discrimination,€the€law€would€be€changed.Š üL ŠĢ334.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee,€observing€that€it€was€unusual€for€national€legislation€not€toŠ Ī Šapply€to€a€Stateššs€entire€territory,€inquired€why€the€Act€did€not€apply€to€Northern€Ireland.€€TheŠ · Šrepresentative€of€the€United€Kingdom€recalled€that€the€various€territories€making€up€the€UnitedŠ  š ŠKingdom€often€had€separate€legislation€of€their€own.€€He€added€that,€owing€to€the€United€KingdomššsŠ ‰Ł Šimmigration€procedures,€the€problem€of€racial€discrimination€did€not€exist€in€Northern€Ireland;€andŠ rĀ Šthat€the€legislation€applied€there€was€aimed€at€solving€problems€of€a€political,€cultural€and€religiousŠ [« Šnature,€which€were€the€problems€troubling€Northern€Ireland.Š D” ŠĢ335.€€The€powers€and€composition€of€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equity€were€discussed.€€TheŠ f Šstatement€in€the€report€that€Commission€was€an€independent€body€was€questioned€by€a€member€ofŠ ’O Šthe€Committee,€who€recalled€that€members€of€the€Commission€were€appointed€by€the€Secretary€ofŠ č 8 ŠState,€that€therefore€there€was€a€clear€link€between€the€Commission€and€the€Government,€and€thatŠ Ń!!  Šthe€Commission€could€not€address€itself€to€Parliament€or€submit€draft€legislation€independently€ofŠ ŗ" ! Šthe€Government.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€stated,€in€reply,€that€the€CommissionŠ £#ó" Šwas€totally€independent€of€the€authorities€in€carrying€out€its€activities€and€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€independenceŠ Œ$Ü# Šwas€guaranteed€by€legislative€provisions€and€constitutional€safeguards€as€well€as€by€the€traditionsŠ u%Å $ Šof€British€society.€€He€gave€the€Committee€information€on€the€present€composition€of€theŠ ^&®!% ŠCommission.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€annual€reports€of€the€Commission€beŠ G'—"& Šprovided€as€appendices€to€future€reports.Š 0(€#' ŠĢ336.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€asked€about€the€composition€of€the€Advisory€Council€on€RaceŠ *R%) ŠRelations,€and€in€particular€how€the€14€members€of€the€ethnic€minorities€were€elected€or€appointed.€Š ė*;&* ŠThe€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€stated€that€those€members€were€appointed€afterŠ Ō+$'+ Šconsultations€with€representatives€and€leaders€of€ethnic€groups.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š337.€€It€was€observed€that,€inasmuch€as€the€Race€Relations€Act€of€1976€had€been€in€force€for€onlyŠ ° Ša€short€time,€the€Committee€would€be€in€a€better€position€to€judge€the€effectiveness€of€the€Act€whenŠ ™é Šinformation€on€its€implementation€became€available.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ338.€€Some€members€asked€for€information€on€the€proposed€changes€in€immigration€law€and€hopedŠ T¤ Šthat€the€next€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€would€contain€details€of€the€Governmentššs€plansŠ =  Šin€that€regard.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€stated€that€his€Government€had€announcedŠ & v Šthat€it€would€not€take€action€on€the€report€of€the€Committee€on€Race€Relations€of€the€House€ofŠ  _ ŠCommons€and€did€not€intend€to€change€its€current€immigration€policy.Š ų H ŠĢ339.€€The€question€of€compliance€by€the€reporting€State€with€the€mandatory€requirements€of€articleŠ Ź   Š4€of€the€Convention€„€which€had€been€discussed€at€previous€sessions€(A/9018,€para.€€292;€A/10018,Š ³  Špara€144;€and€A/32/18,€para.€€304)€„€was€discussed€again€at€the€eighteenth€session€in€the€light€of€theŠ œģ  Šnew€legislative€situation€brought€about€by€the€enactment€of€the€new€Race€Relation€Act.€€MembersŠ …Õ  Šof€the€Committee€welcomed€the€fact€„€intimated€in€the€fourth€periodic€report€ņņ€18óó/€€and€in€paragraphŠ n¾  Š126€of€the€White€Paper€appended€thereto€„€that€under€the€new€legislation€it€was€no€longer€necessaryŠ W§  Što€prove€a€subjective€intention€to€stir€up€racial€hatred.€€However,€it€was€regretted€that€„Š @ Šnotwithstanding€the€statement€in€paragraph€127€of€the€White€Paper€indicating€that€the€GovernmentŠ )y Šhad€not€closed€the€door€to€possible€reconsideration€of€its€position€with€respect€to€the€question€ofŠ b Šprohibiting€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority,€as€required€under€article€4,Š ūK Šsubparagraph€(a),€of€the€Convention€„€the€new€legislation€did€not€reflect€any€change€in€the€positionŠ ä4 Šof€the€United€Kingdom€Government€in€that€regard.€€It€was€also€noted€with€regret€that€section€70€ofŠ Ķ Šthe€Race€Relations€Act€of€1976€on€š šincitement€to€racial€hatredšš,€stipulated,€first,€that€in€order€for€aŠ ¶ Šstatement€which€is€likely€to€stir€up€hatred€against€any€racial€group€to€be€an€offence,€it€should€alsoŠ Ÿļ Šbe€threatening,€abusive€or€insultingšš€and,€secondly€that,€in€any€proceedings€for€the€offence€ofŠ ˆŲ Špublications€or€distribution€of€written€material€under€that€section,€š šit€shall€be€a€defence€for€theŠ qĮ Šaccused€to€prove€that€he€was€not€aware€of€the€content€of€the€written€matter€in€question€and€neitherŠ ZŖ Šsuspected€nor€had€reason€to€suspect€it€of€being€threatening,€abusive€or€insultingšš.€Š C“ ŠĢ340.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€drew€attention€to€the€š šreservationššŠ e Šformulated€by€his€Government€when€signing€the€Convention,€saying€that€it€was€š ša€reservation€whichŠ žN Šhad€been€accepted€and€which€should€therefore€be€taken€into€account€when€judging€the€attitude€ofŠ ē 7 Šthe€United€Kingdom€in€relation€to€that€articlešš.€€In€that€connection,€some€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ Š!   Špointed€out€that€the€declaration€regarding€article€4€of€the€Convention,€which€was€made€by€the€UnitedŠ ¹" ! ŠKingdom€at€the€time€of€signature€and€confirmed€at€the€time€of€ratification,€was€a€š šstatement€ofŠ ¢#ņ" Šinterpretationšš€and€not€a€š šreservationšš€under€article€20€of€the€Convention,€and€did€not€have€the€legalŠ ‹$Ū# Šeffect€ascribed€to€it€by€the€United€Kingdom€representative.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ341.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€proceeded€to€note€that€the€problem€of€striking€a€fairŠ F'–"& Šbalance€between€freedom€of€expression€and€the€activities€of€certain€groups€and€organizations€hadŠ /(#' Šalways€been€a€subject€of€discussion€in€the€United€Kingdom.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€€his€Š )h$( Š€Government€Š *Q%) Š___________Š ź*:&* ŠĢą  ąņņ18óó/€€€€€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/R.90/Add.30Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Šš šintended€to€keep€that€question€under€study€with€a€view€to€adopting€new€provisions€in€the€futurešš.€Š ° ŠWith€regard€to€the€exceptions€made€in€the€case€of€those€who€unwittingly€published€or€distributedŠ ™é Šwritten€matter€likely€to€stir€up€racial€hatred,€he€said€that,€because€of€the€enormous€quantity€of€writtenŠ ‚Ņ Šmatter€disseminated€in€that€country€it€was€impossible€to€insist€that€every€publisher€and€everyŠ k» Šdistributor€must€read€carefully€everything€he€published;€and€therefore€the€law€allowed€any€personŠ T¤ Što€show€that€in€handling€such€material€he€had€not€been€aware€of€its€content.Š =  ŠĢ342.€€Several€members€of€the€Committee€referred€to€neo„Nazi€organizations€and€movements€in€theŠ  _ ŠUnited€Kingdom€and€said€that,€in€accordance€with€the€mandatory€obligations€of€States€parties€underŠ ų H Šarticle€4,€subparagraph€(b),€of€the€Convention,€those€organizations€should€be€banned.€€TheŠ į 1  Šrepresentative€of€the€United€Kingdom€said,€in€reply,€that€despite€the€wide€publicity€which€certainŠ Ź   Šgroups€having€racist€tendencies€had€been€receiving€recently,€it€was€clear€that€those€movements€wereŠ ³  Šnot€gaining€ground:€š štheir€view€had€not€found€a€response€in€the€population€and€the€reaction€ofŠ œģ  ŠBritish€society€to€them€had€been€one€of€unequivocal€oppositionšš.€Š …Õ  ŠĢ343.€€With€regard€to€the€provisions€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that,€under€theŠ W§  Šprocedure€instituted€by€the€Race€Relations€Act€of€1976,€individuals€could€take€complaints€of€racialŠ @ Šdiscrimination€direct€to€the€courts€or,€where€appropriate,€to€industrial€tribunals.€€However,€in€theŠ )y Šcase€of€those€educational€bodies€in€respect€of€which€the€Education€Ministers€have€powers€ofŠ b Šdirection,€complaints€have€to€go€first€to€the€Education€Ministers.€In€reply€to€a€question€from€aŠ ūK Šmember€of€the€Committee€as€to€whether€the€Education€Ministers€were€required€to€take€action€withinŠ ä4 Ša€specified€time€period,€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€Stated€that€the€Ministers€wereŠ Ķ Šallowed€two€months€in€which€to€reply€to€a€complaint€before€the€complaint€could€be€submitted€to€theŠ ¶ Šcourts.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ344.€€Several€members€of€the€Committee€referred€to€the€statement€made€in€the€report,€that€š šaŠ qĮ Šprosecution€for€an€offence€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred€in€England€and€Wales€requires€the€consentŠ ZŖ Šof€the€Attorney„Generalšš€and€asked€why€that€limitation€was€put€on€the€guarantee€required€by€articleŠ C“ Š6€of€the€Convention.€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€said€that€the€authorization€ofŠ ,| ŠAttorney„General€was€needed€in€cases€of€public€incitement€to€racial€hatred€because€such€incitementŠ e Šaffected€a€group€of€persons;€he€denied€that€procedure€was€in€contradiction€with€free€access€ofŠ žN Šindividuals€to€the€courts.Š ē 7 ŠĢ345.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€theŠ ¹" ! Šinformation€envisaged€in€general€recommendation€V€of€the€Committee€was€not€provided€in€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šreport.€€A€member€of€the€Committee,€however,€stressed€the€importance€accorded€by€the€reportingŠ ‹$Ū# ŠState€to€conciliation€„€a€practice€which€was€commendable,€since€š špenal€measures€by€themselvesŠ t%Ä $ Šcould€not€turn€a€racist€into€an€opponent€of€racismšš.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ346.€€It€was€noted€with€regret€that€the€report€under€consideration€did€not€provide€the€informationŠ /(#' Šenvisaged€in€general€recommendation€III€of€the€Committee,€regarding€relations€with€the€racistŠ )h$( ŠŌ_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southern€Africa.€€The€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€reaffirmed€his€GovernmentššsŠ *Q%) Šposition€in€that€regard:€that€š šarticle€9€of€the€Convention€did€not€impose€an€obligation€to€report€onŠ ź*:&* Šrelations€with€the€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€of€the€countries€of€southern€Africa,€or€of€any€other€country,€and€that€suchŠ Ó+#'+ Šinformation€was€not€relevant€to€the€implementation€of€the€Conventionšš.€€The€Chairman€said€that€theŠ ¼, (, ŠCommittee€would€continue€to€invite€States€parties€to€provide€such€information,€and€urged€theŠ „-õ(- ŠGovernment€of€the€United€Kingdom€to€reconsider€its€position€and€provide€information€on€thatŠ ° Šsubject€in€its€next€report.Š ™é ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąŠ  *Q%) Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/35/18€(1980)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ385.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/66/Add.13€and€Add.24)€wasŠ l¼ Šintroduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€pointed€out€that€in€the€Race€RelationsŠ U„ ŠAct€1976,€which€was€referred€to€in€the€report€as€the€chief€instrument€for€the€implementation€of€theŠ > Ž ŠConvention,€the€centrepiece€was€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality,€whose€main€duties€were€toŠ ' w Šwork€towards€the€elimination€of€discrimination,€to€promote€equal€opportunity€and€good€relationsŠ  ` Šbetween€persons€of€different€racial€groups,€to€keep€under€review€the€working€of€the€1976€Act€and,Š ł I Šwhen€required€by€the€Government,€to€draw€up€and€submit€to€the€Government€proposals€forŠ ā 2  Šamending€the€Act.Š Ė   ŠĢ386.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€for€its€well„organizedŠ ķ  Šreport,€which€contained€answers€to€many€of€the€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€theŠ †Ö  Šprevious€report,€and€welcomed,€in€particular,€the€frankness€of€the€report€which€showed€that€theŠ oæ  ŠUnited€Kingdom€was€perhaps€unique€in€the€open€and€serious€way€in€which€it€attempted€to€discussŠ XØ  Šand€explain€all€aspects€of€the€problem€of€racial€discrimination€and€that€it€had€made€serious€effortsŠ A‘ Šin€taking€action€to€reduce€the€number€and€gravity€of€instances€of€racial€discrimination€in€the€country.Š *z ŠĢ387.€€The€Committee€drew€particular€attention€to€the€provisions€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976.€Š üL ŠSome€€members€were€of€the€view€that€the€exceptions€to€the€principle€of€non„discrimination€set€outŠ å5 Šin€the€Act€were€very€vague,€permitted€certain€kinds€of€racial€discrimination€to€exist€and€did€not€meetŠ Ī Šthe€requirements€of€the€Convention,€especially€its€article€1,€paragraph€4,€and€its€article€2.€€WithŠ · Šreference€to€the€exceptions€to€protect€personal€and€intimate€relationships,€it€was€asked€whatŠ  š Šprecisely€was€meant€by€transactions€between€one€individual€and€another€and€whether€section€21€(3)Š ‰Ł Šof€the€Act,€which€exempted€a€person€from€the€requirement€not€to€discriminate€in€the€disposal€ofŠ rĀ Špremises€if€he€neither€advertised€nor€employed€an€estate€agent,€meant€that€a€seller€could€refuse€toŠ [« Šsell€his€property€to€someone€of€a€different€race.€€With€reference€to€the€exceptions€to€prevent€manifestŠ D” Šanomalies€and€absurdities,€it€was€observed€that€section€26€of€the€Act€tended€to€create€the€impressionŠ -} Šthat€the€exceptions€laid€down€could€be€exploited€to€protect€the€majority€group€vis„a„vis€racial€orŠ f Šethnic€minority€groups,€and€that€section€25,€which€exempted€small€clubs€of€fewer€than€25€membersŠ ’O Šfrom€the€provisions€of€the€Act€on€grounds€that€such€associations€were€domestic€in€character,€seemedŠ č 8 Što€be€the€most€inadmissible;€it€was€important€in€this€regard€to€take€specific€measures€to€preventŠ Ń!!  Šformalized€organizations,€whatever€their€size,€from€practising€racial€discrimination.€€With€referenceŠ ŗ" ! Što€the€exceptions€for€acts€done€under€statutory€authority,€it€was€observed€that€such€exceptionsŠ £#ó" Šappeared€vague€and€it€would€be€interesting€to€know€the€criteria€governing€acts€by€a€Minister€of€theŠ Œ$Ü# ŠCrown€under€section€41(2)€of€the€Act€and€whether€such€criteria€ensured€adequate€protection€toŠ u%Å $ Šethnic€minorities,€what€type€of€cases€might€be€involved€and€which€Minister€was€concerned.€€It€wasŠ ^&®!% Šnoted€in€this€connection€that€the€Government,€in€accordance€with€section€2€(1)€of€the€EuropeanŠ G'—"& ŠCommunities€Act€of€1972,€was€obliged€to€give€nationals€of€European€Community€States€preferentialŠ 0(€#' Štreatment€in€certain€respects€as€it€was€observed€that€such€provision€was€not€consistent€with€the€spiritŠ )i$( Šof€the€Convention;€it€was€also€asked€whether€nationals€of€the€African,€Caribbean€and€Pacific€StatesŠ *R%) Šassociated€with€the€European€Community€enjoyed€the€same€privileges€as€citizens€of€the€nations€ofŠ ė*;&* Šthe€European€Community.€€With€reference€to€the€employment€exceptions,€it€was€asked€whetherŠ Ō+$'+ Šsection€5(2)€of€the€Act,€which€covered€work€where€the€job„holder€provided€persons€of€a€racial€groupŠ ½, (, Šwith€personal€services€promoting€their€welfare,€could€be€extended€to€include€the€police€force,Š ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ōparticularly€in€areas€where€ethnic€minorities€were€predominant.€€Information€was€also€requested€onŠ ° Šthe€percentage€of€ethnic€minorities€recruited€to€the€police€force.€€Some€members€were€of€the€viewŠ ™é Šthat€some€of€the€exceptions€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€of€1976€were€legally€unassailable€and€that€theŠ ‚Ņ ŠCommittee€should€also€bear€in€mind€the€legislatureššs€declared€willingness€to€review€and€revise€anyŠ k» Šexceptions€that€appeared€in€practice€to€foster€racial€discrimination.€€Furthermore,€one€member€notedŠ T¤ Šthat€reference€was€made€in€the€report€to€the€review€by€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€ofŠ =  Šthe€operation€of€section€11€of€the€Local€Government€Act€1966,€and€asked€for€further€informationŠ & v Šabout€programmes€and€activities€organized€by€local€authorities€to€meet€the€needs€of€ethnic€groupsŠ  _ Šin€their€areas€and€about€any€changes€in€attitude€of€the€local€authorities€which,€according€to€theŠ ų H Šprevious€report,€were€reluctant€to€pay€attention€to€the€problems€of€ethnic€minorities.Š į 1  ŠĢ388.€€In€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€regretted€thatŠ ³  Šthe€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€had€reiterated€its€position€that€it€was€not€obliged€to€reportŠ œģ  Šon€its€relations€with€South€Africa€or€other€countries,€and€hoped€that€information€in€this€regard€wouldŠ …Õ  Šbe€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report.€€One€member€wished€to€know,€in€particular,€whether€BritishŠ n¾  Šfirms€in€South€Africa€complied€with€the€United€Kingdom€Labour€Code€with€respect€to€the€wagesŠ W§  Šand€working€conditions€of€workers€employed€by€them€and€what€measures€were€taken€by€theŠ @ ŠGovernment€to€persuade€those€firms€to€model€their€practices€on€the€Code.€€Another€member€stressedŠ )y Šthat€members€of€the€Committee€were€not€unanimous€in€their€interpretation€of€the€obligations€ofŠ b ŠStates€parties€under€article€3€of€the€Convention.Š ūK ŠĢ389.€€With€regard€to€measures€for€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observedŠ Ķ Šthat€there€seemed€to€be€in€the€United€Kingdom€no€legal€guarantees€in€conformity€with€the€provisionsŠ ¶ Šof€that€article€and€that€it€was€not€possible€to€establish,€for€instance,€whether€the€existing€legislationŠ Ÿļ Šspecifically€prohibited€verbal€propaganda€for€racist€ideas€or€financial€assistance€to€racistŠ ˆŲ Šorganizations.€€The€hope€was€expressed€that€the€reservation€made€by€the€United€Kingdom€on€signingŠ qĮ Šthe€Convention€would€be€revised€so€that€adequate€legislative€guarantees€could€be€enacted€inŠ ZŖ Šconformity€with€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€Furthermore,€it€was€noted€that€the€Race€Relations€ActŠ C“ Š1976€did€not€extend€to€Northern€Ireland;€that€there€was€no€detailed€presentation€in€the€report€of€theŠ ,| Šlegislation€in€force€in€that€part€of€the€country;€and€therefore€it€was€not€possible€to€determine€whetherŠ e Šlegislation€valid€in€Northern€Ireland€fulfilled€the€requirements€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€connection,Š žN Šthe€wish€was€expressed€that€the€text€of€such€legislation,€in€particular,€the€text€of€the€prevention€ofŠ ē 7 ŠIncitement€to€Hatred€Act€(Northern€Ireland)€1970,€would€be€made€available€to€the€Committee.€Š Š!   ŠSome€members€welcomed€the€information€that€the€British€Government€was€conducting€the€reviewŠ ¹" ! Šof€the€Public€Order€Act€1936€and€related€legislation,€taking€into€account€the€questions€previouslyŠ ¢#ņ" Šraised€by€the€Committee,€with€a€view€to€striking€a€balance€between€the€individualššs€freedom€ofŠ ‹$Ū# Šexpression€and€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€Referring€to€the€role€of€theŠ t%Ä $ ŠCommission€for€Racial€Equality€which,€in€accordance€with€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976,€was€givenŠ ]&­!% Špowers€to€conduct€formal€investigations€for€any€purpose€connected€with€its€statutory€duties€ofŠ F'–"& Šworking€towards€the€elimination€of€discrimination€and€promoting€equal€opportunities,€one€memberŠ /(#' Šnoted€with€satisfaction€that€some€48€per€cent€of€the€incidents€to€racial€discrimination€pursued€by€theŠ )h$( ŠCommission€in€1978€had€been€settled€by€conciliation;€another€member,€noting€that€the€CommissionŠ *Q%) Šhad€the€power€to€influence€public€opinion,€asked€what€was€being€done€to€improve€attitudes€towardsŠ ź*:&* Šmigrant€workers.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ390.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€one€member€asked€whether€the€Government€ofŠ „-õ(- Šthe€United€Kingdom,€as€a€signatory€to€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€RightsŠ ° Šand€Fundamental€Freedoms,€had€agreed€to€let€the€provisions€of€that€Convention€extend€to€theŠ ™é Šdependent€territories€under€its€jurisdiction.€€He€also€noted€that€the€country€had€taken€a€large€numberŠ ‚Ņ Šof€refugees€from€Viet€Nam,€but€wondered€how€refugees€from€other€parts€of€the€world,€such€asŠ k» Šsouthern€Africa€were€treated.€Another€member€observed€that€there€seemed€to€be€nothing€in€theŠ T¤ Šreport€dealing€with€the€actual€guarantees€of€the€rights€of€the€non„white€population.€€Some€membersŠ =  Šdrew€particular€attention€to€the€legal€provisions€concerning€immigration€and€nationality€in€theŠ & v ŠUnited€Kingdom.€€As€regards€the€White€Paper€outlining€the€Governmentššs€proposals€on€the€revisionsŠ  _ Šof€nationality€legislation,€specific€information€was€requested€on€how€the€changes€would€affectŠ ų H ŠBritish€overseas€citizens€and€on€a€demographic€breakdown€of€the€estimated€1.5€million€personsŠ į 1  Šaffected€by€those€changes;€it€would€also€be€useful€for€the€Committee€to€receive€information€on€theŠ Ź   Šnotion€of€the€partial€criteria€for€full€citizenship€in€order€to€understand€the€different€categories€ofŠ ³  Šcitizenship€and€the€rights€they€conferred.€€It€was€noted€in€this€connection€that€there€had€beenŠ œģ  Šconsiderable€unease€in€the€country,€especially€in€the€immigrant€communities,€since€the€publicationŠ …Õ  Šof€the€White€Paper€and€it€was€stated€that€assurances€by€the€Government€that€the€concerns€of€theŠ n¾  Šimmigrant€communities€would€be€taken€into€account€in€the€final€legislation€were€comforting,€butŠ W§  Šthe€Government€must€be€prevailed€upon€to€ensure€that€the€effect,€as€well€as€the€intention,€of€the€newŠ @ Šlegislation€would€not€be€in€any€sense€discriminatory.€€As€regards€the€revised€Immigration€RulesŠ )y Šwhich€came€into€force€on€1€March€1980,€it€was€noted€that€they€had€ended€the€automatic€right€ofŠ b Šsome€women€settled€in€the€United€Kingdom€to€be€joined€by€their€husbands€and€fiancs€and€it€wasŠ ūK Šobserved€that€provision€seemed€incompatible€with€the€guarantee€of€the€right€to€marriage€and€choiceŠ ä4 Šof€spouse.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€progressively€stricter€immigration€rules€which€had€beenŠ Ķ Šintroduced€in€the€United€Kingdom€since€1971€had,€in€fact,€resulted€in€an€improvement€of€raceŠ ¶ Šrelations€and€whether€they€had€actually€had€the€effect€of€guaranteeing€human€rights€to€ethnicŠ Ÿļ Šminorities.€€Furthermore,€it€appeared€from€the€information€provided€that€there€was€an€acute€problemŠ ˆŲ Šof€unemployment€in€the€United€Kingdom€among€ethnic€minority€groups,€that€unemployment€amongŠ qĮ Šthe€immigrants€had€increased€and€that€there€was€discrimination€in€the€field€of€employment€againstŠ ZŖ Šyoung€people;€information€was€requested€on€measures€the€Government€planned€to€introduce€toŠ C“ Štackle€those€problems€and€what€short€and€long„term€solutions€it€proposed.€€With€reference€to€theŠ ,| Šprovisions€of€the€Immigration€Act€and€the€new€Immigration€Rules,€it€was€asked€how€an€illegalŠ e Šimmigrant€was€defined€under€the€law,€how€many€illegal€immigrants€had€been€apprehended,€howŠ žN Šmany€had€been€deported,€what€was€the€breakdown€of€their€nationality€and€whether€there€was€anyŠ ē 7 Šadministrative€discretion€as€to€whether€or€not€to€deport€a€so„called€illegal€immigrant.Š Š!   ŠĢ391.€€Reference€to€the€new€Immigration€Rules€was€also€made€in€connection€with€article€6€of€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠConvention:€it€appeared€that€under€United€Kingdom€law€individuals,€when€applications€for€entryŠ ‹$Ū# Šinto€the€country€were€refused,€could€exercise€their€right€to€appeal€only€outside€the€United€Kingdom,Š t%Ä $ Šand€it€asked€how,€if€the€appeal€was€successful,€compensation€would€be€paid€for€financial€damagesŠ ]&­!% Šincurred€as€a€result€of€the€original€refusal€of€permission€to€enter.€€Some€members€referred€to€theŠ F'–"& Šprovisions€of€the€Race€Relations€act€1976,€under€which€discrimination€had€been€defined€as€a€fullŠ /(#' Šcivil€wrong,€and€it€was€observed€in€this€connection€that€civil€suits€could€drag€on€for€long€periods€andŠ )h$( Šthat,€in€order€to€provide€effective€protection,€discrimination€should€be€designated€at€least€a€criminalŠ *Q%) Šoffence.€€It€was€noted€that€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality€had€the€sole€right€to€bring€legalŠ ź*:&* Šproceedings€against€various€infractions€of€the€Act€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€injured€party€or€aŠ Ó+#'+ Šcivil€rights€organization€was€therefore€disbarred€from€instituting€proceedings€independently€of€theŠ ¼, (, ŠCommission€and€how€the€independence€of€the€Commission€was€ensured.€Clarification€was€requestedŠ „-õ(- Šon€the€information€that€legal€aid€was€not€available€for€proceedings€before€an€industrial€tribunal;€itŠ ° Šwas€noted,€in€addition,€that€a€person€wishing€to€pursue€a€complaint€in€industrial€tribunals€could€seekŠ ™é Šprofessional€help€from€his€trade€union,€and€it€was€asked€what€help€was€available€to€those€workersŠ ‚Ņ Šwho€did€not€belong€to€a€union€and€what€means,€beyond€a€further€prosecution€and€fine,€were€usedŠ k» Što€ensure€compliance€with€the€ruling€of€an€industrial€tribunal.€€Some€members€were€not€entirelyŠ T¤ Šsatisfied€with€the€explanations€provided€in€the€report€in€response€to€the€questions€previously€raisedŠ =  Šby€the€Committee€with€regard€to€the€possibility€of€a€conflict€between€the€requirement€for€theŠ & v ŠAttorney„General€to€give€his€consent€to€a€prosecution€and€the€principle€of€individual€access€to€theŠ  _ Šcourts,€and€one€member€expressed€the€opinion€that€such€requirement€might€deny€individuals€theŠ ų H Šright€to€seek€redress€in€the€courts.Š į 1  ŠĢ392.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€most€of€the€publications€dealingŠ ³  Šwith€the€race€relations€situation€in€the€United€Kingdom,€listed€in€the€1978€annual€report€of€theŠ œģ  ŠCommission€for€Racial€Equality,€seemed€to€be€aimed€at€ethnic€minority€groups€in€the€country€andŠ …Õ  Šnot€at€the€non„minority€population,€and€information€was€requested€on€what€efforts€had€beenŠ n¾  Šundertaken€to€educate€the€population€as€a€whole€about€the€cultures€and€traditions€of€the€immigrantŠ W§  Šcommunities€and€ethnic€minorities€in€the€United€Kingdom,€to€develop€the€knowledge€andŠ @ Šunderstanding€of€foreign€cultures,€and€to€disseminate€information€about€the€Convention€through€theŠ )y Šmass€media.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€there€were€any€other€organizations€in€the€United€Kingdom,Š b Šbesides€the€local€community€relations€councils,€that€sought€to€promote€understanding,€particularlyŠ ūK Šamong€young€people.Š ä4 ŠĢ393.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€UnitedŠ ¶ ŠKingdom€explained€that€the€exceptions€to€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976€appeared€to€be€very€broad,Š Ÿļ Šbut€in€many€cases€they€involved€only€a€few€individuals€and€that€many€of€the€exceptions€wereŠ ˆŲ Šdesigned€to€protect€members€of€minority€communities.€€He€pointed€out€that,€if€racial€discriminationŠ qĮ Šdid€occur€in€connection€with€exceptions€to€protect€personal€and€intimate€relationships,€the€law€wouldŠ ZŖ Šhave€to€be€reviewed;€the€pressure€of€public€opinion€was€a€powerful€force€in€this€regard€and€theŠ C“ ŠCommission€for€Racial€Equality€also€had€the€power€to€bring€incidents€to€the€attention€of€theŠ ,| ŠGovernment.€€As€regards€the€exceptions€to€prevent€manifest€anomalies€and€absurdities,€he€pointedŠ e Šout€that€the€provisions€allowing€the€formation€of€clubs€or€associations€based€on€nationality€wereŠ žN Šintended€to€protect€minority€groups€and€that€the€law€made€it€clear€that€colour€could€not€be€the€basisŠ ē 7 Šfor€the€formation€of€a€club.€As€regards€the€exceptions€for€acts€done€under€statutory€authority,€heŠ Š!   Šstated€that€exceptions€for€Ministers€of€the€Crown,€under€section€41€of€the€Race€Relation€Act,€hadŠ ¹" ! Što€be€seen€in€relation€to€section€75€of€the€Act,€and€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€abuse€of€thoseŠ ¢#ņ" Šprovisions€which€would€have€been,€otherwise,€publicized€by€the€Commission€for€Racial€EqualityŠ ‹$Ū# Šand€the€mass€media.€€In€this€connection,€his€Government€felt€that€preferential€treatment€for€nationalsŠ t%Ä $ Šof€the€European€Economic€Community€was€consistent€with€the€Convention.€€As€regards€theŠ ]&­!% Šemployment€exceptions,€he€stated€that€there€was€no€question€of€discrimination€in€the€recruitmentŠ F'–"& Šof€staff€for€Government€departments€and€informed€the€Committee€about€the€recruitment€campaignsŠ /(#' Šby€the€various€police€forces€specifically€to€recruit€officers€who€were€immigrants€or€of€immigrantŠ )h$( Šdescent€and€about€the€increased€contacts€and€activities€in€the€police€force€to€improve€relations€withŠ *Q%) Šimmigrant€communities.€€Racist€conduct€on€the€part€of€a€police€officer€would€not€be€tolerated€and,Š ź*:&* Šwhen€a€case€was€reported,€it€was€dealt€with€extremely€severely.€€As€regards€the€attitudes€of€localŠ Ó+#'+ Šauthorities€towards€the€needs€of€ethnic€minorities,€he€stated€that€there€was€no€widespread€evidenceŠ ¼, (, Šof€lack€of€attention€by€local€authorities€on€the€Ō_Ōsubject.Š „-õ(- Ї394.€€Referring€to€questions€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€theŠ ° Šrepresentative€stated€that,€as€far€as€relations€with€South€Africa€were€concerned,€there€had€been€noŠ ™é Šchange€in€his€Governmentššs€position:€the€matter€did€not€fall€within€the€purview€of€the€ConventionŠ ‚Ņ Šand€there€were€other€forums€in€which€his€Government€could€more€appropriately€state€its€abhorrenceŠ k» Šof€ņņapartheidóó.Š T¤ ŠĢ395.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€incitement€to€racialŠ & v Šdiscrimination€was€already€a€criminal€offence.€€The€balance€between€freedom€from€racialŠ  _ Šdiscrimination€and€other€freedoms€was€a€delicate€one€and,€while€his€Government€would€take€accountŠ ų H Šof€the€comments€of€the€Committee,€the€Committee€too€had€to€take€account€of€his€countryššsŠ į 1  Štraditions.€€He€referred€to€the€practical€and€constitutional€reasons€why€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976Š Ź   Šdid€not€extend€to€Northern€Ireland€already€explained€in€the€report€and€assured€the€Committee€thatŠ ³  Šthe€texts€of€the€legislation€relevant€to€that€part€of€the€country€would€be€provided.€€He€also€wishedŠ œģ  Što€clarify€that€the€Act€did€apply€to€Scotland€and€to€Wales.Š …Õ  ŠĢ396.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ W§  Šthe€European€Convention€for€the€protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€had€beenŠ @ Šextended€to€the€few€remaining€dependent€territories€with€limited€exceptions€such€as€territories€withŠ )y Šno€permanent€population€like€Antarctica,€territories€in€the€Indian€Ocean€and€Hong€Kong€which€hadŠ b Ša€special€status,€and€that€cases€of€alleged€racial€discrimination€had€been€taken€to€the€EuropeanŠ ūK ŠCommission€of€Human€Rights.€As€for€the€non„white€population,€it€had€precisely€the€same€rights€asŠ ä4 Šall€other€elements€of€the€population.€€People€who€had€left€South€Africa€for€political€reasons€had€inŠ Ķ Šmany€cases€chosen€to€go€to€the€United€Kingdom€because€of€its€liberal€policy€about€refugees.€€TheŠ ¶ Šrepresentative€provided€some€figures€on€immigration€to€the€United€Kingdom€and€on€cases€of€refusalŠ Ÿļ Šof€entry€into€the€country,€and€stated€that€imposition€of€immigration€controls€had€created€anŠ ˆŲ Šatmosphere€of€confidence€and€reassurance€for€the€majority€of€the€population.€€He€explained€in€thisŠ qĮ Šconnection€that€there€had€been€too€many€cases€of€women€forced€to€marry€a€particular€man€in€orderŠ ZŖ Šfor€him€to€gain€entry€to€the€United€Kingdom,€and€that€his€Government€did€not€feel€obliged€to€permitŠ C“ Šprimary€immigration€through€marriages€arranged€for€that€purpose.€It€was€his€Governmentššs€viewŠ ,| Šthat€the€new€immigration€rules€did€not€discriminate€on€the€grounds€of€race€or€sex€and,€as€regardsŠ e Šrecent€provisions€and€proposals€on€nationality,€an€assurance€had€already€been€given€that€there€wouldŠ žN Šbe€no€question€of€altering€the€status€of€those€already€lawfully€settled€in€BritainŠ ē 7 ŠĢ397.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€emphasized€that€incitementŠ ¹" ! Što€racial€hatred€was€already€a€criminal€offence,€but€that€in€its€approach€to€racial€discrimination,€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠUnited€Kingdom€preferred€reconciliation€to€draconian€penalties.€€He€referred,€in€this€connection,€toŠ ‹$Ū# Šinformation€provided€on€civil€cases€which€had€been€settled€without€delay€and€sometimes€with€theŠ t%Ä $ Šaward€of€substantial€damages.€€He€also€explained€that€in€the€United€Kingdom€legal€aid€meantŠ ]&­!% Šfinancial€assistance€for€legal€representation€and€that€in€employment€cases,€an€individual€could€bringŠ F'–"& Šsomeone€to€represent€or€assist€him€but€no€financial€assistance€was€provided€in€order€to€maintain€anŠ /(#' Šinformal€atmosphere€which€was€thought€to€be€conductive€to€settling€such€cases.€€As€regards€the€rightŠ )h$( Šof€individual€access€to€the€courts,€he€stated€that€under€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976,€there€was€noŠ *Q%) Šneed€for€an€individual€with€a€grievance€to€have€recourse€to€the€Attorney„General€who€was€concernedŠ ź*:&* Šwith€cases€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred€as€a€general€phenomenon€and€not€with€injustice€againstŠ Ó+#'+ Šindividuals.€€The€individual,€however,€could€enlist€the€help€of€the€Commission€for€Racial€EqualityŠ ¼, (, Šin€order€to€redress€his€grievance.Š „-õ(- Ї398.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€drew€the€attention€of€theŠ ° ŠCommittee€to€the€information€provided€in€the€annual€report€of€the€Commission€for€Racial€EqualityŠ ™é Šconcerning€school€curricula€and€efforts€made€by€local€authorities€and€various€organizations,Š ‚Ņ Šespecially€in€areas€with€large€immigrant€populations,€to€promote€understanding€in€the€localŠ k» Šcommunity.Š T¤ ŠĢ399.€€He€finally€assured€the€Committee€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€provide€information€withŠ & v Šregard€to€those€questions€which€had€remained€unanswered.Š   _ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/38/18€Ō_Ō(1983)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢ162.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/91/Add.24)€was€introduced€byŠ l¼ Šthe€representative€of€the€reporting€State.€He€informed€the€Committee€about€a€new€Nationality€Act,Š U„ Šnew€immigration€rules€and€about€the€series€of€public€disorders€which€had€occurred€in€several€partsŠ > Ž Šof€England€in€the€summer€of€1981.€€While,€with€the€possible€exception€of€the€disturbances€inŠ ' w ŠBrixton,€they€did€not€seem€to€have€been€racially€motivated,€they€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€serious€implications€forŠ  ` Šcommunity€relations€and€especially€race€relations.€€The€Home€Secretary€has€appointed€LordŠ ł I ŠScarman€to€conduct€an€inquiry€into€the€causes€of€the€Brixton€disorders€and€make€recommendations.€Š ā 2  ŠHis€report€focussed€primarily€on€policing€matters€and€recognized€the€importance€of€relationsŠ Ė   Šbetween€ethnic€minorities€and€a€predominantly€white€police€force.€To€follow€up€Lord€ScarmanššsŠ “  Šrecommendations,€a€new€bill€had€been€introduced€in€parliament.€€The€Government€was€alsoŠ ķ  Šendeavouring€to€improve€the€training€of€policemen€and€to€make€changes€in€the€procedure€forŠ †Ö  Šhandling€complaints€against€the€police.€€He€added€that€his€Government€had€set€up€a€joint€workingŠ oæ  Šparty€to€study€ways€to€promote€good€race€relations€through€the€involvement€of€local€authorities.Š XØ  ŠĢ163.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€not€only€for€theŠ *z Šcomprehensive€information€it€contained,€but€also€for€the€lucidity€and€frankness€with€which€it€hadŠ c Šdescribed€the€problems€encountered.€€Appreciation€was€also€expressed€for€the€regularity€of€theŠ üL ŠUnited€Kingdom€in€submitting€its€periodic€reports€and€for€having€sent€a€high„ranking€official€toŠ å5 Šmaintain€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€The€report€showed€that€the€Government€was€fully€awareŠ Ī Šof€its€responsibilities€under€the€Convention€and€had€the€courage€to€recognize€the€existence€of€racismŠ · Šand€racial€discrimination.€€Although€it€provided€information€on€measures€contemplated€by€theŠ  š ŠBritish€Government€to€eliminate€racial€conflicts,€the€report€was€more€problem„oriented€thanŠ ‰Ł Šsolution„oriented.Š rĀ ŠĢ164.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€concern€about€the€exceptions€made€under€the€RaceŠ D” ŠRelations€Act€of€1976.€€One€member,€noting€that€the€Act€did€not€apply€to€personal€and€intimateŠ -} Šrelationships,€said€that€it€introduced€a€dangerous€degree€of€flexibility€which€almost€amounted€toŠ f Šauthorizing€discrimination.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€exemption€relating€to€theŠ ’O Šprivate€disposal€of€premises€was€of€even€greater€concern€for€it€appeared€to€be€one€way€ofŠ č 8 Šperpetuating€segregated€neighbourhoods,€a€practice€that€was€directly€against€the€Convention.€€OneŠ Ń!!  Šmember€felt€that€the€restrictions€imposed€on€the€eligibility€of€overseas€students€were€unfair€and€moreŠ ŗ" ! Šinformation€was€asked€regarding€the€current€situation.€€Another€member,€while€not€agreeing€that€theŠ £#ó" Šexemptions€to€the€Act€promoted€racial€discrimination,€requested€that€the€next€report€contain€someŠ Œ$Ü# Šexamples€of€the€effects€of€such€exemptions.€€Special€concern€was€expressed€by€the€Committee€thatŠ u%Å $ Šthe€Race€Relations€Act€had€not€been€extended€to€Northern€Ireland€because€of€the€absence€of€theŠ ^&®!% Šracial€problems€there€and€that€the€legislation€dealt€only€with€discrimination€on€religious€and€politicalŠ G'—"& Šgrounds.€€In€this€context,€it€was€asked€whether€the€Irish€people€were€regarded€as€constituting€aŠ 0(€#' Šseparate€ethnic€and€racial€group,€and€it€was€observed€that€racial€and€religious€problems€in€NorthernŠ )i$( ŠIreland€were€inextricably€linked;€the€Committee€asked€whether€any€change€could€be€expected€soonŠ *R%) Šwithin€the€obligations€arising€under€the€Convention.Š ė*;&* ŠĢ165.€€In€context€of€the€implication€of€article€2,€the€Committee€analysed€the€racial€disorders€whichŠ ½, (, Šhad€occurred€in€some€English€localities€in€1981,€the€behaviour€of€certain€members€of€the€police€asŠ ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ōwell€as€the€measures€that€were€being€adopted€or€implemented€by€the€British€authorities€as€a€resultŠ ° Šof€those€events.€The€Committee€requested€additional€information€on€the€Governmentššs€response€toŠ ™é ŠLord€Scarmanššs€recommendations€on€policing€the€police€and€ways€of€ensuring€a€more€positive€roleŠ ‚Ņ Šby€the€police€in€maintaining€racial€harmony.€€More€information€was€also€asked€for€concerning€theŠ k» Šrecommendations€of€the€Home€Secretary€to€reduce€racially„motivated€crimes.€€Several€membersŠ T¤ Šposed€the€question€whether€any€action€had€been€taken€against€the€members€of€the€police€force€whoŠ =  Šhad€been€guilty€of€racist€behaviour.€€One€member,€referring€to€explanations€given€for€the€events,Š & v Šstated€that€such€racial€disorders,€whether€sporadic€or€orchestrated,€violated€the€right€to€security€ofŠ  _ Špersons€and€might€have€been€motivated€in€order€to€undermine€the€confidence€of€minority€groups€asŠ ų H Ša€whole.€€On€the€subject€of€recruitment€of€members€of€ethnic€minorities€in€the€police,€the€hope€wasŠ į 1  Šexpressed€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€indicate€a€significant€increase€in€the€number€ofŠ Ź   Šmembers€of€the€ethnic€minorities€recruited€and€forming€part€of€the€police€force.€€The€question€wasŠ ³  Šalso€posed€whether€the€screening€procedures€in€the€police€force€were€applied€only€to€potentialŠ œģ  Šrecruits€of€minority€ethnic€groups.€€As€far€as€the€responsibility€of€local€authorities€in€dealing€withŠ …Õ  Šrace€relation€problems€was€concerned,€it€was€asked€which€aspects€of€the€basic€rights€of€individualsŠ n¾  Šwere€currently€the€concern€of€local€authorities.€€Also€more€information€was€asked€for€regarding:€theŠ W§  Šprovision€of€funds€to€local€authorities€to€meet€special€needs€of€immigrants;€the€representation€ofŠ @ Šminority€groups€in€the€local€authority€associations;€and€the€projects€making€up€the€UrbanŠ )y ŠProgramme€in€the€Inner€City€areas.Š b ŠĢ166.€€With€regard€to€article€3€and€the€information€furnished€about€the€Code€of€Conduct€of€companiesŠ ä4 Šwith€interests€in€South€Africa,€members€of€the€Committee,€in€general,€commended€such€initiative.€Š Ķ ŠIt€was€pointed€out€that,€though€the€Code€was€voluntary,€the€information€it€contained€would€enableŠ ¶ Švigilant€anti„ņņapartheidóó€groups€in€Great€Britain€to€mould€public€opinion€and€perhaps€influenceŠ Ÿļ ŠGovernment€policy.€Yet,€one€member€observed€that€the€Code€virtually€legalized€co„operation€withŠ ˆŲ ŠSouth€Africa€and,€in€this€context,€it€asked€whether€such€co„operation€was€increasing€or€decreasing.€Š qĮ ŠSeveral€members€regretted€that€the€United€Kingdom,€a€member€of€the€International€Monetary€FundŠ ZŖ Š(IMF),€had€not€supported€the€resolution€adopted€by€the€General€Assembly€concerning€theŠ C“ Šcollaboration€between€IMF€and€South€Africa€and€had€done€nothing€to€prevent€the€granting€of€loansŠ ,| Šby€IMF€to€that€country.Š e ŠĢ167.€€Commenting€on€the€fact€that€the€United€Kingdom€legislation€did€not€fully€comply€with€articleŠ ē 7 Š4€of€the€Convention€and€analysing€the€actual€situation€under€section€5€A€of€the€Public€Order€Act€ofŠ Š!   Š1936,€members€of€the€Committee€found€it€disturbing€that,€in€spite€of€previous€criticisms€expressedŠ ¹" ! Šby€the€Committee,€the€Government€had€not€yet€reached€an€opinion€regarding€changes€in€section€5Š ¢#ņ" ŠA€of€the€Public€Order€Act.€€The€delay,€it€was€said,€could€probably€be€explained€by€the€interpretativeŠ ‹$Ū# Šdeclaration€regarding€discretion€over€enactment€of€legislation€that€the€United€Kingdom€had€madeŠ t%Ä $ Šupon€signing€the€Convention.€€The€Committee,€however,€had€taken€the€position€that€theŠ ]&­!% Šinterpretative€declaration€did€not€have€the€same€legal€effect€as€a€reservation€and€was€thereforeŠ F'–"& Širrelevant;€and€its€categorical€position€was€that€the€implementation€of€article€4€was€not€open€toŠ /(#' Šdiscretion€but€was€mandatory,€whether€or€not€racial€discrimination€actually€existed.Š )h$( ŠĢ168.€€As€far€as€the€implementation€of€article€5€was€concerned,€the€Committee€found€it€unusual€thatŠ ź*:&* Šthe€British€Nationality€Act€1981€provided€for€three€categories€of€citizenship.€€In€this€connection,€aŠ Ó+#'+ Šnumber€of€specific€questions€were€posed€by€members.€€Confirmation€was€requested€as€to€whetherŠ ¼, (, Šthose€persons€of€New€Commonwealth€and€Pakistan€(NCWP)€origin€born€in€the€United€KingdomŠ „-õ(- Šwould€be€entitled€to€full€British€citizenship€including€the€right€to€vote,€and€clarification€was€askedŠ ° Šabout€the€status€of€the€remainder€of€the€NCWP€population,€since€the€other€two€categories€ofŠ ™é Šcitizenship€provided€under€the€Act€did€not€confer€the€right€to€abode€within€the€United€Kingdom.€Š ‚Ņ ŠMembers€wished€to€know€how€many€former€British€subjects€had€been€denied€the€right€to€live€in€theŠ k» ŠUnited€Kingdom€and€how€many€children€of€the€people€in€the€British€Overseas€category€who€hadŠ T¤ Šopted€for€British€citizenship€at€the€time€of€independence€were€likely€to€become€stateless.€Š =  ŠClarifications€were€also€asked€for€about€the€immigration€controls€and€whether€those€had€affectedŠ & v Šother€subgroups€more€severely€than€those€from€Pakistan€and€Bangladesh€and€whether€the€LomŠ  _ ŠConvention€had€liberalized€controls€and€the€same€immigration€rules€applied€to€the€people€ofŠ ų H ŠCaribbean€ethnic€origin€as€to€the€people€originating€from€NCWP.€€One€member€was€also€interestedŠ į 1  Što€know€which€non„white€subgroup€of€NCWP€was€considered€the€most€racially€disadvantaged€andŠ Ź   Šwhether€the€United€Kingdom€government€was€discussing€immigration€problems€with€the€relevantŠ ³  ŠCommonwealth€countries.€€Finally,€members€expressed€the€hope€that€the€next€periodic€report€wouldŠ œģ  Šcontain€information€on€how€the€commendable€programmes€in€education,€training€and€employmentŠ …Õ  Šlaunched€by€the€authorities€€had€benefited€disadvantaged€communities€and€helped€to€improve€theirŠ n¾  Šsocio„economic€situation.Š W§  ŠĢ169.€€During€the€discussion€of€article€6,€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€futureŠ )y Šreports€would€include€more€information€on€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality,€particularly€aboutŠ b Šits€competence,€role,€membership,€procedures,€and€activities€and€initiatives€that€it€had€undertakenŠ ūK Šunder€the€1976€Race€Relations€Act.€€Members€were€interested€to€know€whether€the€Commission€hadŠ ä4 Šmade€any€recommendations€to€Parliament€to€revise€exceptions€made€under€the€Act.€Of€interest€wasŠ Ķ Šalso€the€Commissionššs€ņņlocus€standióó€before€the€British€Courts€in€instances€where€action€under€theŠ ¶ ŠConvention€was€not€necessary€but€it€was€possible€under€British€legislation.€€Additional€informationŠ Ÿļ Šcould€also€be€provided€relating€to€any€plans€the€Government€might€have€to€assess€the€work€of€theŠ ˆŲ ŠCommission€as€well€as€on€whether€an€independent€evaluation€had€been€carried€out€to€ascertain€theŠ qĮ Šviews€of€minority€groups€regarding€the€functions€of€the€Commission.€€One€member€drew€theŠ ZŖ ŠCommitteeššs€attention€to€the€fact€that€incitement€to€racial€hatred€was€a€criminal€offence€which€couldŠ C“ Šbe€investigated€by€the€Attorney„General,€while€other€racial€crimes€considered€to€be€civil€offencesŠ ,| Šwere€taken€up€by€the€Commission.€€It€was€stressed€that€since€the€enforcement€of€the€laws€on€racialŠ e Šdiscrimination€was€the€responsibility€of€the€Commission€it€was€to€be€assumed€that€steps€had€beenŠ žN Štaken€to€ensure€that€the€Commission€could€act€completely€independent€from€th€Government.€€AŠ ē 7 Šclarification€was€requested€regarding€whether€the€independent€appellate€authorities€responsible€forŠ Š!   Šconsidering€cases€of€refusal€made€to€immigrants€were€administrative€or€judicial.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ170.€€Turning€to€the€activities€carried€out€by€the€United€Kingdom€in€implementing€article€7,€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠCommittee€took€note€that€the€Government€had€actively€supported€the€organization€of€the€FestivalŠ t%Ä $ Šof€India€and€deployed€efforts€to€train€young€people€in€aspects€of€racial€tolerance.€€The€establishmentŠ ]&­!% Šof€a€Committee€of€Enquiry€into€the€education€of€children€from€ethnic€minority€groups€was€also€aŠ F'–"& Špositive€step.€€In€this€context,€additional€information€was€requested€about€what€was€being€done€inŠ /(#' Šrespect€of€university€education€of€those€children€in€order€to€ensure€them€equal€opportunities€withŠ )h$( Šothers.€€Members€also€showed€interest€in€knowing€what€efforts€were€being€made€to€introduceŠ *Q%) Šdifferent€languages€into€schools€with€pupils€from€ethnic€minority€groups.€€The€next€periodic€reportŠ ź*:&* Šshould€also€include€details€on€how€local€authorities€were€responding€to€the€Central€GovernmentššsŠ Ó+#'+ Šrecommendations€and€how€respect€for€religious€and€moral€values€of€other€races€was€taught€in€BritishŠ ¼, (, ŠŌ_Ōschools.Š „-õ(- Ї171.€€In€respect€of€the€information€contained€in€the€report€about€dependent€territories,€severalŠ ° Šmembers€expressed€surprise€that,€with€the€exception€of€Bermuda,€nothing€substantial€had€beenŠ ™é Šreported€about€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€the€other€dependent€territories.€€SuchŠ ‚Ņ Šinformation,€it€was€pointed€out,€would€be€of€interest€and€would€facilitate€the€work€of€the€Committee.€Š k» ŠOne€member€felt€disappointed€that€no€mention€had€been€made€in€the€report€of€the€recent€conflictŠ T¤ Šwhich€had€endangered€the€peace€and€security€of€the€Latin€American€continent€and€of€the€currentŠ =  Šsituation€in€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),€in€particular€of€the€Argentinian€inhabitants€in€theŠ & v ŠIslands€since€the€conflict.€€He,€therefore,€requested€details€of€the€British€Governmentššs€intentionsŠ  _ Šregarding€the€future€of€the€Islands.Š ų H ŠĢ172.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€posed€by€members€of€the€Committee€in€relation€to€the€Race€RelationsŠ Ź   ŠAct,€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€said€that€legislative€measures€had€been€enacted€toŠ ³  Šensure€that€the€principles€of€the€Convention€applied€in€Northern€Ireland€and€human€rights€there€wereŠ œģ  Šmore€protected€than€in€any€other€part€of€the€United€Kingdom.€€Discrimination€in€Northern€IrelandŠ …Õ  Šcould€best€be€dealt€with€by€legislative€references€to€political€or€religious€discrimination.€€So€far,Š n¾  Šthere€had€been€no€demand€in€Northern€Ireland€for€new€legislation€regarding€racial€discrimination;Š W§  Šif€that€happened,€or€if€an€immigrant€population€developed,€the€United€Kingdom€would€seek€aŠ @ Šlegislative€remedy,€following€its€interpretation€of€the€phrase€š šlegislation€as€required€byŠ )y Šcircumstancesšš€in€article€2,€paragraph€1(d),€of€the€Convention.€€Regarding€the€exceptions€to€the€RaceŠ b ŠRelations€Act,€especially€in€personal€or€intimate€relationships,€he€stressed€the€fact€that€hisŠ ūK ŠGovernment€considered€those€exceptions€to€be€necessary€in€the€interest€of€striking€a€balanceŠ ä4 Šbetween€individual€freedoms€and€Government€restrictions.€€The€Commission€for€Racial€Equality,Š Ķ Šan€independent€body€entrusted€with€examining€the€legislation,€would€be€making€proposals€later€inŠ ¶ Šthe€year,€but€he€did€not€know€whether€it€would€be€removing€the€exceptions€to€the€Act.€€He€specifiedŠ Ÿļ Šthat€no€complaints€had€yet€been€lodged€concerning€the€effects€of€the€exceptions€to€the€RaceŠ ˆŲ ŠRelations€Act€and€that€the€Government€had€renewed€foreign€studentsšš€eligibility€for€grants.€Š qĮ ŠReferring€to€the€recent€civil€disorders€in€the€United€Kingdom,€he€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ ZŖ Šindividuals€who€had€taken€part€in€those€disorders€and€committed€criminal€offences€had€beenŠ C“ Špunished.€€While€in€Brixton€most€offenders€had€been€black,€in€other€cities€criminal€acts€had€beenŠ ,| Šperpetrated€by€both€blacks€and€whites,€but€the€disorders€had€been€directed€against€the€police€and€hadŠ e Šnot€been€the€result€of€racial€antagonism.€€He€indicated€that€one€way€of€obviating€abuses€of€racistŠ žN Šbehaviour€in€the€police€force€was€the€recruitment€of€ethnic€minorities€to€the€police€service.€€ThereŠ ē 7 Šhad€been€a€35€per€cent€increase,€since€the€time€of€the€report,€to€a€total€of€459€ethnic€minority€officersŠ Š!   Šrecruited€by€the€end€of€1982€and€the€official€policy€was€to€keep€that€momentum.€€In€that€connection,Š ¹" ! Šhe€confirmed€that€the€screening€of€potential€recruits€to€the€police€force,€which€was€aimed€atŠ ¢#ņ" Špreventing€the€recruitment€of€individuals€prone€to€racial€discrimination,€was€universally€applied.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠRegarding€the€policies€of€local€authorities€in€dispensing€services,€he€pointed€out€that€a€number€ofŠ t%Ä $ Šlocal€authorities€were€employing€specialist€race„relations€advisers€on€services€relevant€to€the€localŠ ]&­!% Šethnic€groups.€€As€for€the€Governmentššs€response€to€Lord€Scarmanššs€report€on€the€1981€disorders,Š F'–"& Šthe€authorities€were€seeking€to€provide€special€economic€assistance€to€the€areas€involved€in€orderŠ /(#' Što€attack€the€roots€of€the€disorders.Š )h$( ŠĢ173.€€In€relation€to€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€the€European€Economic€Community€(EEC)€CodeŠ ź*:&* Šof€Conduct€for€companies€with€interests€in€South€Africa,€he€indicated€that€the€United€KingdomŠ Ó+#'+ Šinterpreted€article€3€as€applying€in€the€territory€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€and€had€taken€theŠ ¼, (, Šnecessary€action€under€the€Race€Relations€Act.€€The€United€Kingdom€vote€on€the€General€AssemblyŠ „-õ(- ŠŌ_Ōresolution€regarding€the€IMF€loan€to€South€Africa€did€not€concern€the€implementation€of€theŠ ° ŠConvention€and€was€therefore€not€of€concern€to€the€Committee.Š ™é ŠĢ174.€€Explaining€the€declaration€made€by€the€United€Kingdom€on€acceding€to€the€Convention€inŠ k» Šconnection€with€article€4,€he€said€that€his€Government€saw€the€need€to€prevent€the€heinous€crime€ofŠ T¤ Šincitement€to€racial€hatred,€but€distinguished€between€that€and€forms€of€writing€or€speaking€that€didŠ =  Šnot€constitute€incitement.€Both€the€Public€Order€Act€and€the€provisions€regarding€incitement€were,Š & v Šhowever,€being€reviewed.€€The€review€had€been€going€on€for€a€rather€long€time,€but€the€issues€wereŠ  _ Šcomplex€and€radical€to€a€democratic€society.€€He€would€none€the€less€report€the€concern€of€theŠ ų H ŠCommittee€to€his€Government.Š į 1  ŠĢ175.€€Turning€to€questions€raised€about€the€implementation€of€article€5,€he€informed€the€CommitteeŠ ³  Šthat€the€decline€in€growth€for€all€subgroups€of€NCWP€other€than€those€from€Pakistan€andŠ œģ  ŠBangladesh€had€several€explanations.€€The€increase€of€the€Pakistan€and€Bangladesh€subgroups€hadŠ …Õ  Šbeen€largely€a€natural€increase€of€the€population€rather€than€an€increase€due€to€immigration.€€AŠ n¾  Šhistorical€factor€was€involved€since€immigrants€from€those€areas€had€traditionally€come€alone€toŠ W§  ŠGreat€Britain,€being€unable€to€afford€to€bring€their€families;€the€families€had€arrived€in€the€latter€partŠ @ Šof€the€decade,€thus€raising€the€population€figures.€€The€same€pattern€did€not€hold€for€other€countriesŠ )y Šof€immigration.€€The€population€of€Caribbean€origin€also€showed€a€natural€increase.€€At€no€stage€hadŠ b Šseparate€immigration€provisions€ever€been€applied€to€the€Caribbean€ethnic€group€and€the€LomŠ ūK ŠConvention€was€not€relevant€in€their€case.€€As€to€the€question€whether€one€could€distinguish€varyingŠ ä4 Šdegrees€of€racial€disadvantage€among€the€various€subgroups,€it€could€be€said€that€the€AsianŠ Ķ Šcommunity€in€particular€was€unfamiliar€with€the€language.€€Regarding€nationality€legislation,€theŠ ¶ ŠGovernment€intended€to€assess€the€British€Nationality€Act€1981€after€observing€how€it€worked€inŠ Ÿļ Špractice€and€would€report€on€that€matter€in€its€next€report€to€the€Committee.€€As€€for€the€number€ofŠ ˆŲ Šthose€denied€the€right€to€live€in€the€United€Kingdom€under€the€new€British€Nationality€Act,€thereŠ qĮ Šhad€been€none.€€The€Act€did€not€affect€any€entitlement€to€immigration€prior€to€January€1983;€it€hadŠ ZŖ Šsimply€tried€to€rationalize€the€categories€of€those€with€entitlement€and€those€without.€€TheŠ C“ ŠGovernment€would,€of€course,€be€reviewing€the€provision€regarding€the€citizenship€of€descendants.€Š ,| ŠWith€respect€to€the€residents€of€the€United€Kingdom€who€were€of€Pakistani€origin,€he€observed€thatŠ e Šsome€were€citizens€of€the€United€Kingdom,€but€that€others€had€deliberately€retained€theirŠ žN ŠCommonwealth€citizenship.€€All€individuals,€however,€who€met€residence€requirements€asŠ ē 7 ŠCommonwealth€citizens€€were€eligible€to€vote€in€Commonwealth€elections.Š Š!   ŠĢ176.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality€did€indeedŠ ¢#ņ" Šhave€a€point€of€view€with€respect€to€its€role;€that€viewpoint€was€spelled€out€in€the€CommissionššsŠ ‹$Ū# Šreports.€€The€Commissionššs€role€was€reviewed€by€the€Home€Office€and€by€a€select€committee€ofŠ t%Ä $ ŠParliament,€a€select€committee€review€had€been€conducted€just€over€a€year€previously€and€hadŠ ]&­!% Šproduced€some€criticism€of€the€Commission.€€The€Commission€was€currently€reorganizing€itsŠ F'–"& Šadministrative€structure€in€the€light€of€that€report.€€In€addition€to€such€official€review€procedures,Š /(#' Šletters€on€the€subject€of€the€Commission€were€often€sent€by€representatives€of€minority€groups€toŠ )h$( Šthe€Home€Office.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€under€the€Immigration€Rules€persons€deniedŠ *Q%) Šentry€into€the€United€Kingdom€or€deported€from€it€could€make€an€appeal€to€an€adjudicator€who€wasŠ ź*:&* Šan€administrative€person€but€not€a€judge.€€The€decision€of€that€individual€could€be€appealed€to€anŠ Ó+#'+ Šadministrative€tribunal,€which€was€subject€to€a€judicial€review€from€the€High€Court.Š ¼, (, ŠŌ_ŌŠ „-õ(- Š177.€€The€objectives€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€had€been€particularly€promoted€by€the€FestivalŠ ° Šof€India,€which€had€increased€awareness€among€United€Kingdom€citizens€of€India€and€its€culture.€Š ™é ŠIn€the€same€context,€he€pointed€out€that€programmes€had€been€set€up€to€educate€people€of€BritishŠ ‚Ņ Šethnic€background€in€the€culture€and€mores€of€the€different€ethnic€communities€living€alongsideŠ k» Šthem.€€As€for€the€terms€of€reference€of€the€review€being€conducted€by€the€Committee€of€Inquiry€intoŠ T¤ Šthe€education€of€children€from€ethnic€minority€groups,€he€pointed€out€that€it€had€been€limited€toŠ =  Šprimary€and€secondary€education.€€In€many€areas€of€the€country,€especially€those€having€strongŠ & v Šimmigrant€populations,€š šaccess€coursesšš€were€offered€by€local€education€authorities€to€facilitateŠ  _ Šentry€into€specific€academic€programmes.Š ų H ŠĢ178.€€Turning€to€the€question€raised€about€dependent€territories,€he€indicated€that€he€would€informŠ Ź   Šthe€territories€of€the€interest€expressed€by€the€Committee€and€see€that€more€information€wasŠ ³  Šprovided€on€the€subject€in€the€eighth€report.€€With€regard€to€the€remarks€made€on€the€FalklandŠ œģ  ŠIslands,€those€appeared€to€relate€to€the€political€future€of€the€Islands€and€thus€were€not€pertinent€toŠ …Õ  Šthe€mandate€of€the€Committee.€However,€any€specific€questions€pertaining€to€the€implementationŠ n¾  Šof€the€Convention€would€be€forwarded€to€the€Falkland€Islands€authorities.€€He€wished,€however,€Š W§  Što€draw€the€Committeeššs€attention€to€article€1,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention,€which€he€consideredŠ @ Što€be€applicable€in€the€present€instance.Š  )y Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/40/18€(1985)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ287.€€The€eighth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€IrelandŠ l¼ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/118/Add.7)€was€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€716ņņthóó€and€717ņņthóó€meetings,€held€on€15Š U„ ŠMarch€1985€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.716€and€SR.717).Š > Ž ŠĢ288.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom,€who€drew€attentionŠ  ` Što€relevant€parts€of€the€report€and€provided€information€on€new€developments€which€had€taken€placeŠ ł I Šsince€it€was€compiled.€€The€report€contained€Northern€Ireland€legislation€applicable€to€forms€ofŠ ā 2  Šdiscrimination€„€particularly€religious€discrimination€„€which,€unfortunately,€existed€there.€€In€GreatŠ Ė   ŠBritain,€the€Race€Relations€Act€was€the€major€piece€of€legislation€on€racial€discrimination€and€theŠ “  ŠCommission€for€Racial€Equality€was€continuing€to€fulfil€its€statutory€duties€with€the€GovernmentššsŠ ķ  Šfirm€support.€€Several€recent€developments€were€relevant€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€AsŠ †Ö  Šat€31€December€1984,€there€had€been€680€ethnic€minority€police€officers€in€England€and€Wales€„Š oæ  Šalmost€double€the€number€three€years€earlier€„€and€ways€of€boosting€ethnic€minority€recruitmentŠ XØ  Šcontinued€to€be€sought.€€The€offence€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred€had€been€extended€to€includeŠ A‘ Šwords€broadcast€in€cable€television€programmes.€€The€1985€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act,Š *z Šwhich€amounted€to€a€codification€of€police€powers€and€of€safeguards€provided€to€prevent€theirŠ c Šabuse,€met€Lord€Scarmanššs€recommendation,€following€the€disturbances€in€Brixton€in€1981,€thatŠ üL Šconsultative€arrangements€between€the€police€and€the€community€should€be€placed€on€a€statutoryŠ å5 Šbasis.€That€part€of€the€Act€had€come€into€force€at€the€beginning€of€1985€and€it€was€now€the€duty€ofŠ Ī Šthe€police€authorities€to€seek€the€views€of€the€community€on€policing€matters.€€The€act€alsoŠ · Šcontained€a€provision€requiring€racially€discriminatory€behaviour€by€police€officers€to€be€made€aŠ  š Šspecific€offence€under€the€police€disciplinary€code.€€An€experimental€series€of€courses€in€racism„Š ‰Ł Šawareness€training€had€been€sponsored€by€the€Government.€€Local€authorities€had€also€beenŠ rĀ Šencouraged€by€the€Government€to€exercise€their€statutory€responsibilities€with€regard€to€raceŠ [« Šrelations.€€In€conclusion,€his€Government€recognized€that,€despite€many€developments€in€recentŠ D” Šyears,€there€was€still€much€to€be€done€to€reduce€racial€disadvantage€in€the€United€Kingdom,€but€itŠ -} Šwas€committed€to€taking€action,€in€partnership€with€the€ethnic€minorities,€to€achieve€that€objective.Š f ŠĢ289.€€The€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€on€the€high€standards€of€its€report,€whichŠ č 8 Šcontinued€the€tradition€followed€by€the€United€Kingdom€of€submitting€frank€and€comprehensiveŠ Ń!!  Šreports€in€compliance€with€the€Committeeššs€general€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1).€€The€reportŠ ŗ" ! Šshowed€a€serious€approach€to€the€problem€of€racial€discrimination€and€testified€to€the€GovernmentššsŠ £#ó" Šdetermination€to€overcome€racial€problems€in€what€had€become€a€multiracial€society.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ290.€€On€the€question€of€Northern€Ireland,€the€Committee€took€note€of€the€reasons€for€not€extendingŠ ^&®!% Šthe€Race€Relations€Act€1976€to€that€part€of€the€territory.€€It€pointed€out,€however,€that,€even€if€theŠ G'—"& Šproblem€that€had€led€to€violence€was€basically€political€and€religious,€it€was€complicated€byŠ 0(€#' Šproblems€of€race€relations.€The€scope€of€the€relevant€United€Kingdom€laws€should€therefore€beŠ )i$( Šextended€to€cover€that€part€of€the€country.€€The€Committee€hoped€that€the€British€Government€wouldŠ *R%) Šgive€serious€consideration€to€the€Committeeššs€position.Š ė*;&* ŠĢ291.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€all€the€people€referred€to€in€the€report€who€hadŠ ½, (, Šoriginated€in€the€countries€of€the€New€Commonwealth€and€Pakistan€had€the€status€of€foreigners€orŠ ¦-ö(- Šwhether€some€were€British€citizens.€€In€addition€to€the€figures€given€in€the€report€for€persons€of€NewŠ ° ŠCommonwealth€and€Pakistani€origin,€they€were€interested€in€receiving€a€breakdown€of€figures€forŠ ™é Šthe€other€ethnic€groups€of€the€population€living€in€the€United€Kingdom,€in€particular€how€many€wereŠ ‚Ņ ŠBritish€citizens,€British€Dependent€Territories€citizens€or€British€overseas€citizens.Š k» ŠĢ292.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€welcomed€the€police€andŠ =  ŠCriminal€Evidence€Act€1985€as€a€positive€development€and€trusted€that€more€information€than€inŠ & v Šthe€past€would€be€provided€on€disciplinary€action€taken€against€police€officers€in€respect€of€acts€ofŠ  _ Šracial€discrimination.€€Members€requested€information€about€the€punishment€that€had€been€metedŠ ų H Šout€to€police€officers€for€misconduct€during€the€Brixton€disorders€in€1981.€€The€Committee€praisedŠ į 1  Šthe€programme€for€the€recruitment€and€training€of€members€of€ethnic€minorities€as€police€officersŠ Ź   Šand€placed€emphasis€on€the€importance€of€increasing€such€recruitment.€€In€that€context,€membersŠ ³  Šof€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€minorities€represented€only€0.49€per€cent€of€the€police€force,Š œģ  Šalthough€they€constituted€4€per€cent€of€the€population.€It€was€asked€whether€the€policies€used€inŠ …Õ  Šrecruiting€members€of€ethnic€minorities€for€the€police€force€also€applied€to€the€civil€service.Š n¾  ŠĢ293.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€for€detailed€information€on€the€income€levels€of€the€variousŠ @ Šgroups€in€Northern€Ireland€and€inquired€whether€Catholics€had€a€lower€income€per€capita€thanŠ )y ŠProtestants.€€They€also€wished€to€know€the€ratio€of€manual€to€professional€workers€among€theŠ b Švarious€ethnic€groups€and€proportions€of€college€and€university€graduates€by€ethnic€group.€€TheŠ ūK ŠCommittee€welcomed€the€efforts€to€monitor€the€social€and€economic€position€of€ethnic€minorities,Š ä4 Šsince€such€monitoring€was€an€important€way€of€promoting€equal€opportunity,€and€hoped€that€futureŠ Ķ Šreports€would€describe€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€progress€made€by€ethnic€minorities.€€It€wasŠ ¶ Šinterested€to€know€about€the€budgetary€allocations€to€improve€the€education,€housing€and€medicalŠ Ÿļ Šfacilities€of€ethnic€minorities.€€Members€requested€information€on€the€participation€of€ethnicŠ ˆŲ Šminorities€in€British€representative€institutions€at€both€local€and€national€levels€and€asked€whetherŠ qĮ Šchildren€of€ethnic€minorities€had€the€opportunity€to€be€educated€in€their€own€language.€€TheŠ ZŖ ŠCommittee€wished€to€know€how€the€Government€intended€to€solve€the€problem€of€public€opinionŠ C“ Šin€relation€to€racially€discriminatory€attitudes,€especially€in€view€of€the€high€rate€of€unemployment.€Š ,| ŠMembers€asked€whether€there€were€any€poll€findings€about€public€attitudes€to€racial€discrimination.€Š e ŠThe€Committee€considered€that€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality€had€developed€fruitful€andŠ žN Šoriginal€ideas€aimed€at€solving€racial€discrimination€problems.€It€asked,€however,€whether€theŠ ē 7 ŠCommissionššs€methods€and€procedures€were€sufficiently€effective,€and€whether€all€theŠ Š!   Šrecommendations€of€Lord€Scarmanššs€report€had€been€fulfilled.€€Members€wished€to€know€whetherŠ ¹" ! Šthe€functions€of€the€Commission€for€Racial€Equality€extended€to€education€and€whether€it€couldŠ ¢#ņ" Šmake€suggestions€regarding€curricula.€€The€Committee€was€interested€in€receiving€information€onŠ ‹$Ū# Šthe€findings€of€the€Committee€of€Inquiry€into€the€Education€of€Children€from€Ethnic€MinorityŠ t%Ä $ ŠGroups€which€showed€that€ethnic€minority€children€were€not€achieving€their€full€educationalŠ ]&­!% Špotential.Š F'–"& ŠĢ294.€€In€relation€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€pointed€out€that€no€information€had€beenŠ )h$( Šprovided€in€the€report.€They€expressed€concern,€particularly€in€view€of€the€many€questions€raisedŠ *Q%) Šduring€consideration€of€the€countryššs€previous€report.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€while€article€3€of€theŠ ź*:&* ŠConvention€referred€to€one€particular€form€of€racial€discrimination€as€practised€by€a€particular€StateŠ Ó+#'+ Šin€its€territory,€the€preamble€to€the€Convention€underscored€the€necessity€of€speedily€eliminatingŠ ¼, (, Šracial€discrimination€throughout€the€world.€€A€Stateššs€foreign€policy€should€normally€be€consistentŠ „-õ(- Šwith€its€domestic€policy.€€Members€requested€information€about€the€United€Kingdomššs€relationsŠ ° Šwith€South€Africa€and€asked€whether€the€United€Kingdom€had€any€intention€of€altering€its€position,Š ™é Šparticularly€in€the€light€of€Security€Council€resolution€560€(1985).€€The€question€why€the€UnitedŠ ‚Ņ ŠKingdom€had€given€aid€to€South€Africa€through€the€International€Monetary€Fund€was€reiterated.Š k» ŠĢ295.€€In€relation€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€welcomed€the€information€that€sectionŠ =  Š5€A€of€the€Public€Order€Act€1936€was€currently€being€reviewed.€€It€would€be€interested€to€learnŠ & v Šabout€the€outcome€of€the€review.€€The€Committee€also€hoped€that€the€Government€would€revise€itsŠ  _ Šposition€on€freedom€of€speech€and€association€in€relation€to€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€TheŠ ų H ŠCommittee€did€not€agree€with€the€British€Governmentššs€view€that€legislation€should€only€be€enactedŠ į 1  Šwhen€a€particular€problem€existed:€that€approach€did€not€take€sufficient€account€of€the€preventiveŠ Ź   Šrole€of€legislation€in€the€field.€€Morever€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€wereŠ ³  Šmandatory.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€section€5€A€of€the€Public€Order€Act€1936Š œģ  Šapplied€only€to€groups€or€to€individuals€as€well.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€under€that€section,€legalŠ …Õ  Šprescription€was€confined€to€organizations€avowedly€dedicated€to€terrorism€and€the€violentŠ n¾  Šoverthrow€of€the€State.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€there€were€any€legal€provisions€inŠ W§  Šthe€United€Kingdom€prohibiting€organization€which€sought€to€overthrow€other€States.Š @ ŠĢ296.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€commended€the€Government€forŠ b Šits€adoption€of€the€new€British€Nationality€Act€1981,€particularly€the€new€provision€allowing€womenŠ ūK Šas€well€as€men€to€pass€on€citizenship€to€their€children.€€Clarification€was€sought,€however,€onŠ ä4 Šinformation€indicating€that€passports€of€citizens€born€in€Commonwealth€Territories€were€beingŠ Ķ Šrevoked.€€Concerning€the€revised€immigration€rules,€the€Committee€wished€to€know€more€about€theŠ ¶ Štests€designed€to€prevent€the€use€of€marriage€as€a€device€to€circumvent€immigration€control.€€It€wasŠ Ÿļ Šasked€whether€the€tests€were€given€to€all€women€regardless€of€their€ethnic€origin,€or€whether€inŠ ˆŲ Špractice€they€were€applied€only€in€certain€cases.€€Members€asked€for€clarification€on€cases€of€allegedŠ qĮ Šabuse€of€basic€human€rights€in€that€regard€which€had€been€brought€before€international€courts.€€TheyŠ ZŖ Šwere€also€interested€to€know€how€many€illegal€immigrants€had€been€apprehended€in€past€years.€€TheŠ C“ ŠCommittee€expressed€the€hope€that€more€information€would€be€provided€in€the€next€report€on€stepsŠ ,| Štaken€to€overcome€racial€bias€among€immigration€officials.€€Regarding€refugees,€members€of€theŠ e ŠCommittee€asked€to€what€extent€the€United€Kingdom€had€been€affected€by€the€flow€of€refugeesŠ žN Šworldwide,€whether€refugees€had€been€brought€under€any€kind€of€quota€system€and€whether€thereŠ ē 7 Šwere€any€specific€measures€to€help€them.Š Š!   ŠĢ297.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€were€interested€inŠ ¢#ņ" Šreceiving€information€concerning€complaints€which€had€been€brought€under€the€ParliamentaryŠ ‹$Ū# ŠCommissioner€Act€(Northern€Ireland)€1969€and€the€Commissioner€for€Complaints€Act€(NorthernŠ t%Ä $ ŠIreland)€1969€and€what€redress€had€been€made.€They€also€wished€to€know€whether€immigrants€whoŠ ]&­!% Šwere€subjected€to€discrimination€had€any€specific€means€at€their€disposal€for€dealing€with€suchŠ F'–"& Šdiscrimination.Š /(#' ŠĢ298.€€Regarding€Dependent€Territories,€the€Committee€pointed€out€that,€though€some€positiveŠ *Q%) Šdevelopments€had€taken€place€in€Bermuda€during€the€period€covered€by€the€report,€the€informationŠ ź*:&* Šprovided€by€the€United€Kingdom€with€regard€to€most€other€Territories€was€not€satisfactory.€€TheŠ Ó+#'+ ŠCommittee€would€like€to€receive€further€details€on€the€results€of€the€study€on€racial€attitudes€carriedŠ ¼, (, Šout€in€Bermuda.€€It€expressed€the€hope€that€the€British€Government€would€impress€upon€authoritiesŠ „-õ(- Šin€the€Dependent€Territories€the€need€to€comply€more€closely€with€the€Convention.Š ° ŠĢ299.€€It€was€asked€whether€any€Argentine€citizens€were€currently€living€in€the€Falkland€IslandsŠ ‚Ņ Š(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€and€whether€they€had€maintained€all€their€rights€and€privileges.€€It€was€further€askedŠ k» Šwhether€the€bodies€of€the€300€Argentine€soldiers€killed€in€the€conflict€with€the€United€Kingdom€hadŠ T¤ Šbeen€released€for€repatriation€and,€if€not,€whether€their€families€had€been€allowed€to€visit€theirŠ =  Šgraves.Š & v ŠĢ300.€€Replying€to€the€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€on€the€subject€of€NorthernŠ ų H ŠIreland€and€the€non„application€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€1976€to€that€part€of€the€territory,€theŠ į 1  Šrepresentative€of€the€United€Kingdom€said€that€he€would€transmit€the€Committeeššs€continuingŠ Ź   Šconcern€on€the€matter€to€his€Government.€€He€pointed€out,€however,€that€article€2,€paragraph€1€(d),Š ³  Šof€the€Convention€required€States€parties€to€act€by€all€appropriate€means,€š šincluding€legislation€asŠ œģ  Šrequired€by€circumstancesšš.Š …Õ  ŠĢ301.€€Regarding€the€composition,€status€and€citizenship€of€the€2.2€million€members€of€ethnicŠ W§  Šminorities€in€the€United€Kingdom,€he€indicated€that€they€were€mainly€from€India,€Pakistan,Š @ ŠBangladesh€and€the€West€Indies.€€British€nationality€was€a€matter€of€individual€choice€and€did€notŠ )y Šaffect€rights,€even€voting€rights,€if€the€people€concerned€were€legally€settled€in€the€United€Kingdom.€Š b ŠFigures€on€citizenship€of€those€minorities€would€be€included€in€the€next€report.Š ūK ŠĢ302.€€With€regard€to€questions€raised€and€comments€made€in€connections€with€the€implementationŠ Ķ Šof€article€2€of€the€Convention,€he€pointed€out€that,€though€the€number€of€ethnic€minority€policeŠ ¶ Šofficers€had€virtually€double€over€a€period€of€three€years,€there€was€no€reason€for€complacency.€Š Ÿļ ŠResearch€into€the€behaviour€of€the€London€police€had€shown€that€racially€discriminatory€attitudesŠ ˆŲ Šhad€not€affected€the€behaviour€of€the€police€except€on€rare€occasions.€€Against€that€background,€theŠ qĮ ŠGovernment€had€decided€to€introduce€the€specific€offence€of€racially€discriminatory€behaviour.€Š ZŖ ŠEmphasis€was€also€being€placed€on€training€with€a€view€to€influencing€the€attitudes€and€behaviourŠ C“ Šof€the€police.€€Training€had€also€been€started€for€the€staff€of€the€Immigration€Service,€and€a€studyŠ ,| Šwas€under€way€on€how€the€Prisons€Department€could€also€carry€out€such€training.€ConsultationsŠ e Šbetween€the€police€and€the€local€communities€which€they€served€was€now€required€by€law.€€By€mid„Š žN Š1988€a€survey€of€the€entire€civil€service€would€be€carried€out€in€order€to€find€out€the€proportion€ofŠ ē 7 Šethnic€minority€recruitment.€€The€first€results€of€a€survey€carried€out€in€north„west€England€and€theŠ Š!   ŠAvon€district€showed€that€0.9€per€cent€of€the€persons€surveyed€(77€per€cent€of€those€questioned€hadŠ ¹" ! Šreplied)€had€identified€themselves€as€belonging€to€an€ethnic€minority.€€The€Government€wasŠ ¢#ņ" Šdetermined€to€take€steps€to€improve€the€percentage€share€of€ethnic€minorities€in€the€civil€service.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ303.€€The€Committee€of€Inquiry€into€the€Education€of€Children€from€Ethnic€Minority€Groups€hadŠ ]&­!% Špublished€its€report€on€14€March€1985,€when€the€Secretary€of€State€for€Education€had€informed€theŠ F'–"& ŠHouse€of€Commons€that€the€Government€had€accepted€the€Committeeššs€findings.€€The€GovernmentŠ /(#' Šwas€determined€to€improve€the€performance€not€only€of€ethnic€minority€children,€but€also€of€whiteŠ )h$( Šchildren€from€the€majority€of€the€population.€€It€proposed€to€remove€obstacles€to€advancement,Š *Q%) Šnotably€by€promoting€the€teaching€of€English€as€a€second€language.€€Morever,€it€wanted€schools€toŠ ź*:&* Špreserve€and€transmit€national€values€in€a€way€which€would€ensure€respect€for€the€UnitedŠ Ó+#'+ ŠKingdomššs€ethnic€diversity€and€promote€tolerance€and€racial€harmony.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š304.€€Regarding€the€number€of€ethnic€minority€individuals€represented€in€the€countryššs€mainŠ ° Šinstitutions,€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom€said€that,€though€no€comprehensive€data€wasŠ ™é Šavailable,€the€number€of€local€government€councillors€from€ethnic€minorities€was€increasing€rapidly;Š ‚Ņ Šall€major€political€parties€had€put€up€candidates€from€ethnic€minorities€for€election€to€the€House€ofŠ k» ŠCommons€although€none€had€been€elected.Š T¤ ŠĢ305.€€Information€on€the€social€and€economic€conditions€of€ethnic€minorities€would€be€included€inŠ & v Šthe€next€report.€€He€indicated€that€in€1979,€š š39€million€had€been€spent€on€the€salaries€of€localŠ  _ Šauthority€employees€whose€task€was€to€meet€the€special€needs€of€ethnic€minority€groups;€in€1985„Š ų H Š1986€that€amount€was€expected€to€increase€to€š š85€million.€€The€Commission€for€Racial€Equality€hadŠ į 1  Šcarried€out€a€review€of€the€Race€Relations€Act€and€would€submit€formal€proposals€to€the€HomeŠ Ź   ŠSecretary€within€the€next€few€months€for€amendments€to€that€Act.Š ³  ŠĢ306.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that€the€reasons€for€not€includingŠ …Õ  Šmaterial€on€the€implementation€of€that€article€had€been€that€policies€of€racial€discrimination€orŠ n¾  Šņņapartheidóó€did€not€exist€in€the€United€Kingdom€or€in€any€of€its€Dependent€Territories.€€HisŠ W§  ŠGovernmentššs€interpretation€of€article€3€remained€unchanged.Š @ ŠĢ307.€€As€to€the€questions€and€observations€made€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€4,€heŠ b Šindicated€that€incitement€to€hatred€against€an€individual€belonging€to€a€racial€group€as€well€as€hatredŠ ūK Šagainst€the€racial€group€itself€would€be€an€offence€in€so€far€as€it€would€constitute€a€breach€of€peace,Š ä4 Šalthough€not€under€section€5€A€of€the€Public€Order€Act€1936.€€He€was€of€the€opinion€that€incitementŠ Ķ Što€hatred€against€groups€outside€the€United€Kingdom€would€fall€under€section€5€A€in€so€far€as€theŠ ¶ Šact€took€place€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€courts€of€the€United€Kingdom.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ308.€€As€to€immigration€rules,€the€tests€applied€with€regard€to€a€husband€or€Ō_ŌfianceŌ_Ō€were€merelyŠ qĮ Šintended€to€satisfy€the€requirement€that€the€primary€purpose€of€marriage€was€not€immigration€to€theŠ ZŖ ŠUnited€Kingdom.€€They€were€applied€in€an€interview€at€the€point€of€entry€and€presented€no€obstacleŠ C“ Što€a€genuine€marriage.Š ,| ŠĢ309.€€He€said€that€from€time€to€time€there€had€been€special€programmes€for€the€reception€ofŠ žN Šparticular€groups€of€refugees,€most€recently€for€some€1,800€Vietnamese€refugees€and€earlier€for€aŠ ē 7 Šsmaller€number€from€Latin€America.€€Such€special€programmes€involved€stays€at€reception€centres,Š Š!   Šintensive€training€in€the€English€language,€the€teaching€of€skills€in€some€cases,€and€assistance€inŠ ¹" ! Šfinding€housing.€€Those€groups€continued€to€receive€assistance€from€the€Government€through€specialŠ ¢#ņ" Šassistance€to€refugee€organizations.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ310.€€All€aspects€of€the€United€Kingdomššs€policy€towards€the€Dependent€Territories€were€regularlyŠ ]&­!% Šreported€to€the€Special€Committee€of€24,€in€accordance€with€the€United€Kingdomššs€position€as€anŠ F'–"& Šadministering€Power€under€Article€73€ņņeóó€of€the€Charter.€€All€Dependent€Territories€in€the€CaribbeanŠ /(#' Šhad€been€visited€by€the€United€Nations€visiting€missions,€which€had€submitted€lengthy€reports.€€InŠ )h$( Šnone€of€those€reports€had€there€been€any€evidence€of€the€existence€of€racial€discrimination.Š *Q%) ŠĢ311.€€The€question€of€the€activities€of€foreign€economic€and€other€interests€had€been€discussed€inŠ Ó+#'+ Šdetail€in€the€Special€Committee€of€24.€€That€was€the€proper€forum€for€those€matters.€PrivateŠ ¼, (, Šinvestment€had€contributed€to€the€development€of€the€Dependent€Territories.€€For€example,€thanksŠ „-õ(- Šin€large€measures€to€private€investment,€the€economy€of€Bermuda€was€currently€close€to€the€$1Š ° Šbillion€level;€the€Territory€had€a€sound€economic€infrastructure,€and€valuable€training€had€beenŠ ™é Šprovided€to€the€local€population.€€The€issue€of€racial€discrimination€had€not€arisen.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ312.€€Information€relating€to€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€had€been€received€too€late€for€inclusionŠ T¤ Šin€the€report.€€Legislation€regarding€racial€discrimination€in€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€did€notŠ =  Šexist€but€all€persons€in€the€Islands€were€equal€under€the€law.€€The€new€draft€Constitution,€whichŠ & v Šwould€be€promulgated€later€in€1985,€contained€a€section€relating€to€the€protection€of€human€rights.€Š  _ ŠThe€policy€of€the€United€Kingdom€on€the€issue€of€the€Argentine€war€continued€to€be€that€it€wasŠ ų H Šready€to€facilitate€the€repatriation€of€the€remains€of€the€war€dead€or€visits€by€ņņbona€fideóó€next„of„kinŠ į 1  Šunder€the€auspices€of€the€International€Committee€of€the€Red€Cross.€€A€message€to€that€effect€hadŠ Ź   Šbeen€conveyed€to€the€Government€of€Argentina€in€August€1983,€and€the€United€Kingdom€was€stillŠ ³  Šawaiting€a€reply.€€The€offer€had€been€repeated€by€Mr.€John€Ō_ŌChekeŌ_Ō,€an€elected€member€of€theŠ œģ  ŠFalkland€Islands€Committee,€on€30€October€1984.€€In€reply€to€a€further€point€raised,€he€said€that€heŠ …Õ  Šhad€no€information€regarding€foreign€nationals€in€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō).€€The€question€ofŠ n¾  Šthe€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€was,€however,€essentially€unrelated€to€the€work€of€the€CommitteeŠ W§  Šon€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination.Š  @ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/42/18€(1987)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ693.€€The€ninth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€and€Northern€IrelandŠ l¼ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/149/Add.7)€was€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€793ņņrdóó€and€794ņņthóó€meetings€on€12€andŠ U„ Š13€March€1987€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.793„SR.794).Š > Ž ŠĢ694.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€United€Kingdom,€who€referred€to€theŠ  ` Šdomestic€structure€for€implementing€Government€policies€for€eliminating€discrimination€andŠ ł I Šcombatting€racial€disadvantage.€€She€explained€that€racial€disadvantage€covered€both€direct€andŠ ā 2  Šindirect€discrimination.€€She€informed€the€Committee€that€legislation€under€the€Public€Order€ActŠ Ė   Š1986,€to€extend€the€law€on€incitement€to€racial€hatred€had€completed€its€passage€through€ParliamentŠ “  Šand€would€take€effect€on€1€April€1987.€€The€new€provisions€strengthened€protection€against€suchŠ ķ  Šbehaviour€by€penalizing€conduct€intended€to€stir€up€hatred€or€likely€to€have€that€effect.€€The€law€hadŠ †Ö  Šalso€been€extended€to€cover€broadcasting,€and€a€new€offence€„€possession€of€racially€inflammatoryŠ oæ  Šmaterial€„€had€been€created.€€A€new€Public€Order€Act€(Northern€Ireland)€was€due€to€be€issued€shortlyŠ XØ  Što€incorporate€the€new€provisions€of€the€Public€Order€Act,€1986,€thus€strengthening€the€law€onŠ A‘ Šincitement€to€racial€hatred€in€Northern€Ireland.€€She€stressed€that€the€problem€of€Northern€IrelandŠ *z Šwas€essentially€one€of€religion€and€constitutional€aspirations,€rather€than€race€relations.€€The€numberŠ c Šof€ethnic€minority€police€officers€had€continued€to€increase.€€In€July€1986,€the€House€of€CommonsŠ üL ŠHome€Affairs€Sub„Committee€on€Race€Relations€and€Immigration€had€published€the€report€on€itsŠ å5 Šinquiry€into€racial€attacks.€€The€recommendations€for€better€police€training€in€the€handling€of€racialŠ Ī Šincidents€were€being€pursued.€€She€referred€to€a€number€of€policy€changes€affecting€refugees€orŠ · Šasylum„seekers€and€immigration€rules€contained€in€the€report.€€She€also€referred€to€the€relevant€partŠ  š Šof€the€report€dealing€with€dependent€territories,€which€had€been€expanded€in€response€to€theŠ ‰Ł ŠCommitteeššs€interest.Š rĀ ŠĢ695.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€United€Kingdomššs€frank€and€detailed€report.€€TheŠ D” Švery€fact€that€problems€were€admitted€was€encouraging.€€The€report€had€been€compiled€inŠ -} Šaccordance€with€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1).€€After€an€exchange€of€views,Š f Šwhich€evinced€a€consensus€in€that€direction,€the€Committee€decided€that€part€III€of€the€UnitedŠ ’O ŠKingdom€report€dealing€with€dependent€territories€would€be€considered€during€the€CommitteeššsŠ č 8 Šdiscussion€of€article€15€of€the€Convention.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ696.€€In€relation€to€the€implementation€of€article€2€in€conjunction€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,Š £#ó" Šmembers€of€the€Committee€observed€that€the€statement€that€divisions€in€Northern€Ireland€were€aŠ Œ$Ü# Šproduct€of€religious€and€political€aspirations€did€not€explain€the€situation€adequately.€€The€reportŠ u%Å $ Šadmitted€that€the€Roman€Catholic€community€was€disadvantaged€in€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic€terms.€€It€wasŠ ^&®!% Šobserved€that€in€1983/84,€the€unemployment€level€for€male€Roman€Catholics€had€beenŠ G'—"& Šapproximately€double€that€for€Protestants.€€It€was€asked€whether€that€was€due€to€discrimination€byŠ 0(€#' Šprotestant€employers.€€The€hope€was€expressed€that€legislative€action€would€be€taken€to€counter€suchŠ )i$( Šdiscrimination.€€Racial€discrimination€could€not€be€dissociated€from€discrimination€in€the€economic,Š *R%) Šsocial€and€cultural€fields.€Members€requested€further€information€on€the€measures€that€were€beingŠ ė*;&* Štaken€to€narrow€the€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic€disparities€between€Protestants€and€Catholics,€as€well€asŠ Ō+$'+ Šstatistical€data€on€education€and€income€levels€of€Roman€Catholics€and€Protestants,€and€the