III. JURISPRUDENCE

ICCPR

•	Bhinder v. Canada (208/1986), ICCPR, A/45/40 vol. II (9 November 1989) 50 at paras. 6.1, 6.2 and 7.

...

6.1 The Committee notes that in the case under consideration legislation which, on the face of it, is neutral in that it applies to all persons without distinction, is said to operate in a way which discriminates against persons of the Sikh religion. The author has also claimed a violation of article 18 of the Covenant. The Committee has also examined the issue in relation to article 26 of the Covenant.

6.2 Whether one approaches the issue from the perspective of article 18 or article 26, in the view of the Committee the same conclusion must be reached. If the requirement that a hard hat be worn is regarded as raising issues under article 18, then it is a limitation that is justified by reference to the grounds laid down in article 18, paragraph 3. If the requirement that a hard hat be worn is seen as a discrimination de facto against persons of the Sikh religion under article 26, then, applying criteria now well established in the jurisprudence of the Committee, the legislation requiring that workers in federal employment be protected from injury and electric shock by the wearing of hard hats is to be regarded as reasonable and directed towards objective purposes that are compatible with the Covenant.

7. The Human Rights Committee...is of the view that the facts which have been placed before it do not disclose a violation of any provision of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

•	Gedumbe v. Democratic Republic of the Congo (641/1995), ICCPR, A/57/40 vol. II (9 July 2002) 24 (CCPR/C/75/D/641/1995) at paras. 2.1-2.5, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1 and 6.2.

...

2.1 In 1985 the author was appointed director of a Zairian consular school in Bujumbura, Burundi. In 1988 he was suspended from his duties by Mboloko Ikolo, the then Zairian ambassador to Burundi. This suspension allegedly was attributable to a complaint addressed by the author and by other staff members of the school1/ to several administrative authorities of Zaire, including the President and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, concerning the embezzlement by Mr. Ikolo of the salaries for the personnel of the consular school. More particularly, the ambassador allegedly embezzled the author's salary in order to force him to yield his wife.

2.2 In March 1988 a fact-finding commission was sent from Zaire to Bujumbura, which, purportedly, made an overwhelming report against the ambassador and confirmed all the allegations made against him. In August 1988 the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Zaire enjoined Mr. Ikolo to pay all the salary arrears to the author, who, in the meantime, had been transferred as director of the Zairian consular school to Kigali, Rwanda. The ambassador, who allegedly refused to obey this order, was suspended from his duties and recalled to Zaire on 20 June 1989.

2.3 In September 1989 the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education issued an order to reinstate the author in his post in Bujumbura. Accordingly, the author moved back to Burundi in order to fill his post. Subsequently, Mr. Ikolo, who despite his suspension remained in Bujumbura until 20 December 1989, informed the authorities in Zaire that the author was a member of a network of political opponents of the Zairian Government, and that he therefore had requested the authorities of Burundi to expel him. For this reason, the author maintains, Mr. Ikolo and his successor at the embassy, Vizi Topi, refused to reinstate him in his post, even after confirmation by the Minister of Primary and Secondary Education, or to pay his salary arrears.

2.4 The author appealed to the Public Prosecutor of the County Court (Tribunal de Grande Instance) of Uvira, who passed on the file to the Public Prosecutor of the Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) of Bukavu on 25 July 1990. Both offices described the facts as being an abuse of rights and called into question the former ambassador's conduct. On 14 September 1990 the case was further transmitted for advice to the Office of the Public Prosecutor in Kinshasa, where the case was registered in February 1991. Since then, despite numerous reminders sent by the author, no further action has been taken. Consequently, the author appealed to the Minister of Justice and to the Chairman of the National Assembly. The latter interceded with the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Education, who, allegedly, intervened on the author's behalf with Mr. Vizi Topi, all to no avail.

2.5 On 7 October 1990 the author served a summons on Mr. Ikolo for adultery, slanderous denunciation and prejudicial charges, abuse of power and embezzlement of private monies. By a letter dated 24 October 1990, the President of the Kinshasa Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) informed the author that Mr. Ikolo, as an ambassador, benefited from functional immunity and could only be brought to trial upon summons of the Public Prosecutor. All the author's requests to the latter to start legal proceedings against Mr. Ikolo have to date remained unanswered. According to the author, this is due to the fact that a special authorization of the President is required to start legal proceedings against members of the security police and that, therefore, the Public Prosecutor could not take the risk of serving a summons on Mr. Ikolo, who is also a senior official in the National Intelligence and Protection Service. Accordingly, the author's case cannot be the subject of a judicial determination. Therefore, it is submitted, all available and effective domestic remedies have been exhausted.

...

5.2 With regard to the alleged violation of article 25 (c) of the Covenant, the Committee notes that the author has made specific allegations relating, on the one hand, to his suspension in complete disregard of legal procedure and, in particular, in violation of the Zairian regulations governing State employees, and, on the other hand, to the failure to reinstate him in his post, in contravention of decisions by the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education. In this connection the Committee notes also that the non-payment of the author's salary arrears, notwithstanding the instructions by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, is the direct consequence of the failure to implement the above-mentioned decisions by the authorities. In the absence of a response by the State party, the Committee finds that the facts in the case show that the decisions by the authorities in the author's favour have not been acted upon and cannot be regarded as an effective remedy for violation of article 25 (c) read in conjunction with article 2 of the Covenant.

5.3 To the extent that the Committee has found that there was no effective legal procedure allowing the author to invoke his rights before a tribunal (article 25 (c) in conjunction with article 2), no separate issue arises concerning the conformity of proceedings before such a tribunal with article 14 of the Covenant. With regard to article 26, the Committee sustains the author's reasoning by finding a violation of article 25 (c).

...

6.1 The Human Rights Committee...is of the view that the facts before it disclose violations by the Democratic Republic of the Congo of articles 25 (c) in conjunction with article 2 of the Covenant.

6.2 Pursuant to article 2, paragraph 3 (a), of the Covenant, the Committee is of the view that the author is entitled to an appropriate remedy, namely: (a) effective reinstatement to public service and to his post, with all the consequences that that implies, or, if necessary, to a similar post;2/ (b) compensation comprising a sum equivalent to the payment of the arrears of salary and remuneration that he would have received from the time at which he was not reinstated to his post, beginning in September 1989.3/

_________________

Notes

1/ This complaint was also signed by Odia Amisi; communication No. 497/1992 (Odia
Amisi v. Zaire), declared inadmissible on 27 July 1994.

2/ Communication No. 630/1995 Abdoulaye Mazou v. Cameroon.

3/ Communications No. 422/1990, 423/1990 and 424/1990, Adimayo M. Aduayom,	Sofianou T. Diasso and Yawo S. Dobou v. Togo.

_________________

•	Radosevic v. Germany (1292/2004), ICCPR, A/60/40 vol. II (22 July 2005) 438 at paras. 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 7.2, 7.3 and 8.

...

2.1 The author served a prison term in Heimsheim prison in Germany from 10 March 1998 to 28 February 2003, when he was deported. The remainder of his prison term was suspended, provided that he would not return to Germany.

2.2 During imprisonment, the author performed work, as required under section 41 of the German Enforcement of Sentences Act. He was remunerated from April 1998 until August 1999 and again in April 2000, as well as from June until August 2001. The wages were calculated pursuant to section 200 of the Enforcement of Sentences Act, on the basis of 5 per cent of the base amount 2/ from April until August 1999 and in April 2000, and on the basis of 9 per cent of the base amount from June until August 2001. They ranged from about 180 to about 400 Deutsche Mark (DM) per month.

...

2.4 By judgement of 1 July 1998, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the constitutional principle of resocialization of prisoners requires adequate remuneration for their work; the Court set aside the calculation methods for the wages of prisoners laid down in section 200 of the Enforcement of Sentences Act (5 per cent of the base amount, despite the legislator's original intention progressively to raise the level of remuneration to 40 per cent of the base amount). It considered the average wages paid to prisoners under that legislation, which amounted to 1.70 DM per hour or 10 DM per day, or 200 DM per month, in 1997, to be incompatible with the German Basic Law, in the absence of any other work-related benefits apart from the employer's contribution to the prisoner's unemployment insurance. The Court argued that "in the light of the amount paid for mandatory work performed by a prisoner, he cannot be convinced that honest work is an appropriate means for earning a living" after his release. However, it allowed the legislator a transitional period, to run until 31 December 2000, to introduce an adequate raise in the remuneration of work as well as revised provisions for social insurance coverage of such work.

...

7.2 The Committee notes the author's argument that his remuneration calculated on the basis of 5 per cent of the base amount between April 1998 and August 1999 and in April 2000, and on the basis of 9 per cent of the base amount between June and August 2001, was grossly and unjustifiably disproportionate to wages paid for similar work performed by the regular workforce, thereby violating his right to equality under article 26 of the Covenant. It also notes that the State has invoked its reservation to article 5, paragraph 2 (a), of the Optional Protocol, to the extent that it precludes the Committee from examining communications "by means of which a violation of article 26 […] is reprimanded, if and insofar as the reprimanded violation refers to rights other than those guaranteed under the aforementioned Covenant". The Committee considers that the author has not sufficiently substantiated, for purposes of admissibility, his claim that he was a victim of discrimination based on his status as a prisoner because he received only a small part of what he would have been paid on the labour market. In particular, he has not provided any information on the type of work that he performed during his incarceration and whether it was of a kind that is available in the labour market, nor about the remuneration paid for comparable work in the labour market. Mere reference to a certain percentage of the base amount, i.e. the average amount of benefits payable under the German statutory pensions insurance scheme, does not suffice to substantiate the alleged discriminatory discrepancy between the remuneration for his work and work performed by the regular workforce. It follows that this part of the communication is inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol. The Committee therefore need not address the issue of the State party's reservation concerning article 26.

7.3 The Committee further notes the author's claims that article 26, read in conjunction with article 8, paragraph 3 (c) (i), contains a right to adequate remuneration for work performed by prisoners, and that he was discriminated against in the enjoyment of that right because of the continued application of section 200 of the Enforcement of Sentences Act for a transitional period of two years and six months after the Constitutional Court had declared that provision incompatible with the constitutional principle of resocialization of prisoners. It considers that article 8, paragraph 3 (c) (i), read in conjunction with article 10, paragraph 3, of the Covenant requires that work performed by prisoners primarily aims at their social rehabilitation, as indicated by the word "normally" in article 8, paragraph 3 (c) (i), but does not specify whether such measures would include adequate remuneration for work performed by prisoners. While reiterating that, rather than being only retributory, penitentiary systems should seek the reformation and social rehabilitation of prisoners,13/ the Committee notes that States may themselves choose the modalities for ensuring that treatment of prisoners, including any work or service normally required of them, is essentially directed at these aims. It notes that the German Constitutional Court justified the transitional period, during which prisoners were continued to be remunerated on the basis of 5 per cent of the base amount, with the fact that the necessary amendment of section 200 of the Enforcement of Sentences Act required a reassessment by the legislator of the underlying resocialization concept. It further recalls that it is generally for the national courts, and not for the Committee, to review the interpretation or application of domestic legislation in a particular case, unless it is apparent that the courts' decisions are manifestly arbitrary or amount to a denial of justice.14/ The Committee considers that the author has not substantiated any such defects in relation to the Constitutional Court's decision to allow the legislator a transitional period until 31 December 2000 to amend section 200. Accordingly, this part of the communication is inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol.

8. The Human Rights Committee therefore decides:

(a) That the communication is inadmissible under article 2 of the Optional Protocol;

...

_________________

Notes

...

2/ Section 18 of Book IV of the German Social Security Code defines the base amount as follows: "Without prejudice to the specific provisions applicable to the different insurance systems, base amount within the meaning of the provisions on social security means the average amount of benefits payable under the statutory pensions insurance during the preceding calendar year, rounded up to the next highest amount which can be divided by 420."

...

13/ General comment 21 [44], 10 April 1992, at para. 10.

14/ Communication No. 1188/2003, Riedl-Riedenstein et al. v. Germany, decision on admissibility adopted on 2 November 2004, at para. 7.3; communication No. 1138/2002, Arenz et al. v. Germany, decision on admissibility adopted on 24 March 2004, at para. 8.6.

_________________